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SCOTLAND'S MARK 
ON AMERICA 



By 
GEORGE ERASER BLACK, Ph.D. 

With a Foreword 
By JOHN FOORD 



Published hy 

The Scottish Section of "America's Making" 

New York. 1921 



r,e 



Copyright, 1921 
By GEORGE ERASER BLACK 






FOREWORD 

It has been said that the Scot is never so much at home as when he 
is abroad. Under this half-jesting reference to one of the character- 
istics of our race, there abides a sober truth, namely, that the Scots- 
man carries with him from his parent home into the world without 
no half-hearted acceptance of the duties required of him in the land of 
his adoption. He is usually a public-spirited citizen, a useful member 
of society, wherever you find him. But that does not lessen the warmth 
of his attachment to the place of his birth, or the land of his forbears. 
Be his connection with Scotland near or remote, there is enshrined 
in the inner sanctuary of his heart, membries, sentiments, yearnings, 
that are the heritage of generations with whom love of their country 
was a dominant passion, and pride in the deeds that her children have 
done an incentive to effort and an antidote against all that was base 
or ignoble. 

It is a fact that goes to the core of the secular struggle for human 
freedom that whole-hearted Americanism finds no jarring note in the 
sentiment of the Scot, be that sentiment ever so intense. In the 
sedulous cultivation of the Scottish spirit there is nothing alien, and, 
still more emphatically, nothing harmful, to the institutions under 
which we live. The things that nourish the one, engender attachment 
and loyalty to the other. So, as we cherish the memories of the Moth- 
erland, keep in touch with the simple annals of our childhood's home, 
or the home of our kin, bask in the fireside glow of its homely humor, 
or dwell in imagination amid the haunts of old romance, we are the 
better Americans for the Scottish heritage from which heart and mind 
alike derive inspiration and delight. 

It is as difficult to separate the current of Scottish migration to the 
American Colonies, or to the United States that grew out of them, 
from the larger stream which issued from England, as it is to dis- 
tinguish during the last two hundred years the contributions by Scots- 
men from those of Englishmen to the great body of English literature. 
We have the first census of the new Republic, in the year 1790, and 
an investigator who classified this enumeration according to what he 
conceived to be the nationality of the names, found that the total free, 
white, population numbering 3,250,000 contained 2.345,844 people of 
English origin; 188,589 of Scottish origin, and 44,273 of Irish origin. 

3 



4 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

The system of classification is manifestly loose, and the distribution of 
parent nationalities entirely at variance with known facts. That part 
of the population described as Irish was largely Ulster-Scottish, the 
true Irish never having emigrated in any considerable numbers until 
they felt the pressure of the potato famine, fifty years later. There is 
excellent authority for the statement that, at the outbreak of the 
Revolutionary War one-third of the entire population of Pennsyl- 
vania was of Ulster-Scottish origin. A New England historian, 
quoted by Whitelaw Roll, counts that between 1730 and 1770 at least 
half a million souls were transferred from Ulster to the Colonies — 
more than half of the Presbyterian population of Ulster — and that 
at the time of the Revolution they made one-sixth of the total popula- 
tion of the nascent Republic. Another authority fixes the inhabitants 
of Scottish ancestry in the nine Colonies south of New England at 
about 385,000. He counts that less than half of the entire population 
of the Colonies was of English origin, and that nearly, or quite one- 
third of it, had a direct Scottish ancestry. 

These conclusions find powerful support in the number of distin- 
guished men whom the Scots and the Ulstermen contributed to the 
Revolutionary struggle, and to the public life of the early days of the 
United States. Out of Washington's twenty-two brigadier generals, 
nine were of Scottish descent, and one of the greatest achievements 
of the war — the rescue of Kentucky and the whole rich territory 
northwest of the Ohio, from which five States were formed — was that 
of General George Rogers Clark, a Scottish native of Albert County, 
Virginia. When the Supreme Court of the United States was first 
organized by Washington three of the four Associate Justices were of 
the same blood — one a Scot and two Ulster-Scots. When the first 
Chief Justice, John Jay, left the bench, his successor. John Rutledge, 
was an Ulster-Scot. Washington's first cabinet contained four mem- 
bers — two of them were Scotch and the third was an Ulster-Scot. 
Out of the fifty-six members who composed the Congress that adopted 
the Declaration of Independence eleven were of Scottish descent. It 
was in response to the appeal of a Scot, John Witherspoon, that the 
Declaration was signed ; it is preserved in the handwriting of an 
Ulster-Scot who was Secretary of the Congress ; it was first publicly 
read to the people by an Ulster-Scot, and first printed by a third 
member of the same vigorous body of early settlers. 
>• George Bancroft will hardly be accused of holding a brief for the 
Scot in American history but, with all his New England predilections, 
he frankly records this conclusion: "We .shall find the first voice pub- 
licly raised in America to dissolve all connection with Great Britain, 
came not from the Puritans of New England, or the Dutch of New 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA S 

York, or the planters of Virginia, but from Scotch-Irish Presbyter- 
ians." It was Patrick Henry, a Scot, who kindled the popular flame 
for independence. The foremost, the most irreconcilable, the most 
determined in pushing the quarrel to the last extremity, were those 
whom the bishops and Lord Donegal & Company had been pleased to 
drive out of Ulster. 

The distinguished place which men of Scottish or of Ulster origin 
had asserted for themselves in the councils of the Colonies was not 
lost when the Colonies became independent States. Among the first 
of the thirteen original States two-thirds were of either Scottish or 
Ulster-Scottish origin. Of the men who have filled the great office 
of President of the United States, eleven out of the whole twenty-five 
come under the same cafegory. About half the Secretaries of the 
Treasury of the Government of the United States have been of 
Scottish descent, and nearly a third of the Secretaries of State. 

But it is perhaps in the intangible things that go to the making of 
national character that the Scottish contribution to the making of 
America has been most notable. In 1801, the population of the 
whole of Scotland was but little over a million and a half, and behind 
that there were at least eight centuries of national history. Behind 
that, too, were all the long generations of toil and strife in which the 
Scottish character was being molded into the forms that Scott and 
Burns made immortal. It is a character full of curious contrasts, with 
its strong predilection for theology and metaphysics on one side, and 
for poetry and romance on the other. Hard, dry and practical in its 
attitude to the ordinary aflfairs of life, it is apt to catch fire from a 
sudden enthusiasm, as if volatility were its dominant note and insta- 
bility its only fixed attribute. And so it has come about that side by 
side with tomes of Calvinistic divinity, there has been transmitted to 
Scotsmen an equally characteristic product of the mind of their race — 
a body of folksong, of ballad poetry, of legend and of story in that 
quaint and copious Doric speech which makes so direct an appeal to 
the hearts of men whether they are to the manner born or not. It is 
surely a paradox that a nation which, in the making, had the hardest 
kind of work to extract a scanty living from a stubborn soil, and still 
harder work to defend their independence, their liberties, their faith 
from foes of their own kindred, should be best known to the world 
for the romantic ideals they have cherished and the chivalrous follies 
for which their blood has been shed. 

But, it is well to remember that long before the Reformers of the 
sixteenth century founded the parish school system of Scotland, the 
monasteries had their schools and so had the parish churches ; there 
were high schools in the burghs and song schools of remarkable ex- 



6 SCOTLA.NDS MARK 0\ AMERICA 

cellence. The liglit of learning may have waxed thin at limes, but it 
was not from an iUiierate land that Scottish scholars carried into 
Europe all through the Middle Ages the name and fame of their 
country, any more than it was from a people unversed in the arts of 
war that Scottish soldiers went abroad to fight foreign battles, giving 
now a Constable to l-'rance, a General-in-Chief to Russia and still 
again a Lieutenant to Gustavus Adolphus. If evidence were needed 
of the vigor of the Scottish race, it is readily forthcoming in the fact 
that for live hundred years the Land O'Cakes enriched the world 
With the surplus of her able men. 

Nurse of heroes, nurse of martyrs, nurse of freemen, are titles 
which belong of right to our Motherland and she has been justified 
of her children, at home and abroad. The rolls of honor of many 
countries and many climes bear their names ; there is no field of dis- 
tinction whether it be of thought or of action that has not witnessed 
their triumphs. That Scotland has yielded more than her share of 
the men who have gone forth to the conquest of the world is largely 
due to the fact that it was part of her discipline that men must first 
conquer themselves. The weakest of them felt that restraining influ- 
ence, and the striving after the Scottish ideal, however feeble, has been 
a protection against sinking into utter baseness. The most wayward 
scions of the Scottish family have known that influence, and have 
borne testimony to the beauty of the homely virtues which they failed 
to practice and the nobility of aspirations which fell short of controll- 
ing their life. 

It belongs to the character and antecedents of Scotsmen that the 
attribute of national independence should take so high a place among 
the objects of human effort and desire. It was because Scotland set- 
tled for all time, six hundred years ago, her place as an independent 
State tiiat she proved herself capable of begetting men like John 
Knox, Robert Burns and Walter Scott. It is because the vigor of the 
Scottish race and the adaptiveness of the Scottish genius remain 
today unimpaired, that the lustre of Scottish names shone so bril- 
liantly during the World War. It may be confidently asserted that, 
whether regarded as a race or a people no members of the great Eng- 
lish-speaking family did more promptly, more cheerfully or more 
courageously make the sacrifices required to perform their full part in 
the struggle to defend the freedom tliat belongs to our common 
heritage and to preserve the ideals without which we should not 
regard life as worth living. The union, centuries old, in the Scottish 
mind and heart of the most uncompromising devotion to individual 
liberty with the most fervid patriotism, is a .sentiment of which the 
world stands greatly in need today. We need not go far to find evi- 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 7 

dence of how perilous it is to sink regard for the great conception 
of human brotherhood in a narrow, nationalistic concern for indi- 
vidual interests. In the Scottish conception of liberty, duties have 
always been rated as highly as rights; it has been a constructive, not 
p. destructive formula ; it has been an inspiration to raise men out of 
themselves, not to prompt them to indulge in antics of promiscuous 
leveling. The kind of democracy for which Scotsmen have deemed 
that the world should be made safe is a human brotherhood, indeed, 
but a brotherhood imbued with the generous rivalry of effort, the 
enthusiasm of emulous achievement, and not one of inglorious, 
monotonous and colorless equality. John Foord 



CONTENTS 



Foreword - 3 

Scottish Emigration to the American Colonies 11 

Some Prominent Scots and Scots Families 24 

Scots as Colonial and Provincial Governors..^ 32 

Scots and the Declaration of Independence 36 

Scots as Signers of the Declaration of Independence 38 

Scots in the Presidency 40 

Scots as Vice-Presidents 41 

Scots as Cabinet Officers 42 

Scots in the Senate 45 

Scots in the House of Representatives 47 

Scots in the Judiciary 48 

Scots as Ambassadors , 51 

Scots as State Governors 53 

Scots in the Army 60 

Scots in the Navy 65 

Scots as Scientists 67 

Scots as Physicians 7Z 

Scots in Education 76 

Scots in Literature 81 

Scots in the Church and Social Welfare 84 

Scots as Lawyers 87 

Scots in Art, Architecture, etc 88 

Scots as Inventors 95 

Scots as Engineers 99 

Scots in Industries 101 

Scots in Banking, Finance, Insurance and Railroads 105 

Scots as Journalists, Publishers and Typefounders 108 

Some Prominent Scots in New York City 113 

Scottish Societies in the United States 115 

Conclusion 116 

List of Principal Authorities Referred to 117 

Index 119 

9 



"No people so few in number have scored so deep 
a mark in the world's history as the Scots have 
done. No people have a greater right to be proud of 
their blood." — James Anlhony Froude. 



Scotland's Mark on America 



SCOTTISH EMIGRATION TO THE AMERICAN 

COLONIES 

Scottish emigration to America came in two streams — one direct 
from the motherland and the other through the province of Ulster in 
the north of Ireland. Those who came by this second route are 
usually known as "Ulster Scots," or more commonly as "Scotch- 
Irish," and they have been claimed as Irishmen by Irish writers in the 
United States. This is perhaps excusable but hardly just. Through- 
out their residence in Ireland the Scots settlers preserved their distinc- 
tive Scottish characteristics, and generally described themselves as "the 
Scottish nation in the north of Ireland." They, of course, like the 
early pioneers in this country, experienced certain changes through the 
influence of their new surroundings, but, as one writer has remarked, 
they "remained as distinct from the native population as if they had 
never crossed the Channel. They were among the Irish but not of 
them." Their sons, too, when they attended the classes in the Uni- 
versity of Glasgow, signed the matriculation register as "A Scot of 
Ireland." They did not intermarry with the native Irish, though they 
did intermarry to some extent with the English Puritans and with the 
French Huguenots. (These Huguenots were colonies driven out of 
France by the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, and induced 
to settle in the north of Ireland by William III. To this people Ireland 
is indebted for its lace industry, which they introduced into that 
country. ) 

Again many Irish-American writers on the Scots Plantation of 
Ulster have assumed that the Scots settlers were entirely or almost of 
Gaelic origin, ignoring the fact, if they were aware of it, that the people 
of the Scottish lowlands were "almost as English in racial derivation 
as if they had come from the North of England." Parker, the histor- 
ian of Londonderry, New Hampshire, speaking of the early Scots 
settlers in New England, has well said : "Although they came to this 
land from Ireland, where their ancestors had a century before planted 
themselves, yet they retained unmixed the national Scotch character. 

11 



12 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

Nothing sooner offended them than to be called Irish. Their antipathy 
to this appellation had its origin in the hostility then existing in Ireland 
between the Celtic race, the native Irish, and the English and Scotch 
colonists." Belknap, in his History of New Hampshire (Boston, 
1791) quotes a letter from the Rev. James MacGregor (1677-1729) 
to Governor Shute in which the writer says: "We are surprised to 
hear ourselves termed Irish people, when we so frequently ventured 
our all for the British Crown and liberties against the Irish papists, 
and gave all tests of our loyalty, which the government of Ireland 
required, and are always ready to do the same when demanded." 

Down to the present day the descendants of these Ulster Scots 
settlers living in the United States who have maintained an interest in 
their origin, always insist that they are of Scottish and not of Irish 
origin. On this point it will be sufficient to quote the late Hon. Leon- 
ard Allison Morrison, of New Hampshire. Writing twenty-five years 
ago he said : "I am one of Scotch-Irish blood and my ancestor came with 
Rev. McGregor of Londonderry, and neither they nor any of their 
descendants were willing to be called 'merely Irish.' I have twice vis- 
ited," lie adds, "the parish of Aghadowney, Co. Londonderry, from 
which they came, in Ireland, and all that locality is filled, not with 
'Irish' but with Scotch-Irish, and this is pure Scotch blood today, 
after more than 200 years." The mountaineers of Tennessee and 
Kentucky are largely the descendants of these same Ulster Scots, and 
their origin is conclusively shown by the phrase used by mothers to 
their unruly children: "If you don't behave, Clavers [i. e., Oaver- 
house] will get you." 

If we must continue to use the hyphen when referring to these 
early immigrants it is preferable to use the term "Ulster Scot" instead 
of "Scotch-Irish," as was pointed out by the late Whitelaw Reid, be- 
cause it does not confuse the race with the accident of birth, and be- 
cause the people preferred it themselves. "If these Scottish and Pres- 
byterian colonists," he says, "must be called Irish because they had 
been one or two generations in the north of Ireland, then tlie Pilgrim 
Fathers, who had been one generation or more in Holland, must by 
the same reasoning be called Dutch or at the very least English 
Dutch." 

To understand the reasons for the Scots colonization of Ulster and 
the replantation in America it is necessary to look back three centuries 
in British history. On the crushing of the Irish rebellion under Sir 
Cahir O'Dogherty in 1607 about 500,000 acres of forfeited land in the 
province of Ulster were at the disposal of the crown. At the sug- 
gestion of King James the I. of England, Ulster was divided into lots 
and offered to colonists from England. Circumstances, however, turned 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 13 

what was mainly intended to be an English enterprise into a Scottish 
one. Scottish participation "which does not seem to have been origi- 
nally regarded as important," became eventually, as Ford points out, 
the mainstay of the enterprise. "Although from the first there was an 
understanding between [Sir Arthur] Chichester and the English Privy 
Council that eventually the plantation would be opened to Scotch set- 
tlers, no steps were taken in that direction until the plan had been ma- 
tured . . . The first public announcement of any Scottish connec- 
tion with the Ulster plantation appears in a letter of March 19, 1609, 
from Sir Alexander Hay, the Scottish secretary resident at the Eng- 
lish Court, to the Scottish Privy Council at Edinburgh." In this com- 
munication Hay announced that the king "out of his unspeikable love 
and tindir affectioun" for his Scottish subjects had decided that they 
were to be allowed a share, and he adds, that here is a great oppor- 
tunity for Scotland since "we haif greitt advantaige of transporting 
of our men and bestiall [i. e., live stock of a farm] in regairde we lye 
so neir to that coiste of Ulster." Immediately on receipt of this letter 
the Scottish Privy Council made public proclamation of the news and 
announced that those of them "quho ar disposit to tak ony land in 
Yreland" were to present their desires and petitions to the Council. 
The first application enrolled was by "James Andirsoun portionair of 
Litle Govane," and by the 14th of September seventy-seven Scots had 
come forward as purchasers. If their offers had been accepted, they 
would have possessed among them 141,000 acres of land. In 1611, in 
consequence of a rearrangement of applicants the number of favored 
Scots was reduced to fifty-nine, with eighty-one thousand acres of 
land at their disposal. Each of these "Undertakers," as they were 
called, was accompanied to his new home by kinsmen, friends, and 
tenants, as Lord Ochiltree, for instance, who is mentioned as having 
arrived "accompanied with thirty-three followers, a minister, some ten- 
ants, freeholders, [and] artificers." By the end of 1612 the emigration 
from Scotland is estimated to have reached 10,000. Indeed, before the 
end of this year so rapidly had the traffic increased between Scotland 
and Ireland that the passage between the southwest of Scotland and 
Ulster "is now become a commoun and ane ordinarie ferrie," the boat- 
men of which were having a rare time of it by charging what they 
pleased for the passage or freight. In the selection of the settlers 
measures were carefully taken that they should be "from the inwards 
part of Scotland," and that they should be .so located in Ulster that 
"they may not mix nor inter-marry" with "the mere Irish." For the 
most part the settlers appear to have been selected from the shires of 
Dumbarton, Renfrew, Ayr, Galloway, and Dumfries. Emigration 
from Scotland to Ireland appears to have continued steadily and the 



14 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

English historian Carte estimated, after diligent documentary study, 
that by 1641 there were in Ulster 100,000 Scots and 20,000 English 
settlers. In 1656 it was proposed by the Irish government that persons 
"of the Scottish nation desiring to come into Ireland" should be pro- 
hibited from settling in Ulster or County Louth, but the scheme was 
not put into effect. Governmental opposition notwithstanding emigra- 
tion from Scotland to Ireland appears to have continued steadily, and 
after the Revolution of 1688 there seems to have been a further in- 
crease. Archbishop Synge estimated that by 1715 not less than 50,000 
Scottish families had settled in Ulster during these twenty-seven years. 
It should be also mentioned that "before the Ulster plantation began 
there was already a considerable Scottish occupation of the region 
nearest to Scotland. These Scottish settlements were confined to coun- 
ties Down and Antrim, which were not included in the scheme of the 
plantation. Their existence facilitated Scottish emigration to the plan- 
tation and they were influential in giving the plantation the Scottish 
character which it promptly acquired. Although planned to be in the 
main an English settlement, with one whole county turned over to 
the city of London alone, it soon became in the main a Scottish set- 
tlement." 

The Scots were not long settled in Ulster before misfortune and 
persecution began to harass them. The Irish rebellion of 1641, said 
by some to have been an outbreak directed against the Scottish and 
English settlers, regarded by the native Irish as intruders and usurp- 
ers, caused them much suffering; and Harrison says that for "several 
years afterward 12,000 emigrants annually left Ulster for the Amer- 
ican plantations." The Revolution of 1688 was also long and bloody 
in Ireland and the sufferings of the settlers reached a climax in the 
siege of Londonderry (April to August, 1688). They suffered also 
from the restrictions laid upon their industries and commerce by the 
English government. These restrictions, and later the falling in of 
leases, rack-renting by the landlords, payment of tithes for support 
of a church with which they had no connection, and several other bur- 
dens and annoyances, were the motives which impelled emigration to 
the American colonies from 1718 onwards. Five ships bearing seven 
hundred Ulster Scots emigrants arrived in Boston on August 4, 1718, 
under the leadership of Rev. William Boyd. They were allowed to 
select a township site of twelve miles square at any place on the fron- 
tiers. A few settled at Portland, Maine, at Wicas.set. and at Worces- 
ter and Haverhill, Massachusetts, but the* greater number finally at 
Londonderry, New Hampshire. In 1723-4 they built a parsonage and 
a church for their minister. Rev. James MacGregor. In six years 
they had four schools, and within nine years Londonderry paid one- 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 15 

fifteenth of the state tax. Previous to the Revolution of 1776 ten dis- 
tinct settlements were made by colonists from Londonderry, N. H., 
all of which became towns of influence and importance. Notable 
among the descendants of these colonists were Matthew Thornton, 
Henry Knox, Gen. John Stark, Hugh McCuUoch, Horace Greeley, 
Gen. George B. McClellan, Salmon P. Chase, and Asa Gray. From 
1771 to 1773 "the whole emigration from Ulster is estimated at 30,000 
of whom 10,000 were weavers." 

In 1706 the Rev. Cotton Mather put forth a plan to settle hardy 
Scots families on the frontiers of Maine and New Hampshire to pro- 
tect the towns and churches there from the French and Indians, the 
Puritans evidently not being able to protect themselves. He says, "I 
write letters unto diverse persons of Honour both in Scotland and in 
England ; to procure Settlements of Good Scotch Colonies, to the 
Northward of us. This may be a thing of great consequence;" and 
elsewhere he suggests that a Scottish colony might be of good service 
in getting possession of Nova Scotia. In 1735, twenty-seven families, 
and in 1753 a company of sixty adults and a number of children, 
collected in Scotland by General Samuel Waldo, were landed at 
George's River, Maine. In honor of the ancient capital of their native 
country, they named their settlement Stirling. 

Another and an important cause of the early appearance of Scots in 
America was the wars between Scotland and England during the 
Commonwealth. Large numbers of Scottish prisoners taken at Dunbar 
(1650) and at Worcester (1651) were sold into service in the colonies, 
a shipload arriving in Boston Harbor in 1652 on the ship John and 
Sara. The means taken to ameliorate their condition led in 1657 to 
the foundation of the Scots Charitable Society of Boston — the earliest 
known Scottish society in America. Its foundation may be taken as 
evidence that there were already prosperous and influential Scots liv- 
ing in Boston at that time. A list of the passengers of the John and 
Sara is given in Suffolk Deed Records (bk. 1, pp. 5-6) and in Drake's 
The Founders of Nezv England (Boston, 1860, pp. 74-76). These 
men, says Boulton, "worked out their terms of servitude at the Lynn 
iron works and elsewhere, and founded honorable families whose 
Scotch names appear upon our early records. No account exists of 
the Scotch prisoners that were sent to New England in Cromwell's 
time; at York in 1650 were the Maxwells, Mclntires, and Grants. The 
Mackclothlans [i. e., Mac Lachlans], later known as the Claflins, 
gave a governor to Massachusetts and distinguished merchants to New 
York City." 

The bitter persecution of Presbyterians during the periods of epis- 
copal rule in the latter half of the seventeenth century also contributed 



16 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

largely to Scottish emigration to the new world. A Scottish merchant 
in Boston named Hugh Campbell, obtained permission from the 
authorities of the Bay State Colony in February 1679-80 to bring in a 
number of settlers from Scotland and to establish them in the Nepmug 
country in the vicinity of Springfield, Massachusetts. 

So desperate had matters become in Scotland at the beginning of 
the eighth decade of the seventeenth century that a number of the 
nobility and gentry determined to settle in New Jersey and the Caro- 
linas. One of these colonies was founded in New Jersey in 1682 under 
the management of James Drummond, Earl of Perth, John Drum- 
niond, Robert Barclay the Quaker Apologist, David and John Bar- 
clay, his brothers, Robert Gordon, Gawen Lawrie, and George Wil- 
locks. In 1684 Gawen Lawrie, who had been for several years prev- 
iously residing in tlie colony, was appointed Deputy Governor of the 
province, and fixed his residence at Elizabeth. In the same year Perth 
(so named in honor of the Earl of Perth, one of the principal proprie- 
tors, now Perth Amboy) was made the capital of the new Scottish 
settlement. During the following century a constant stream oi' emi- 
grants both from Scotland and from Ulster came to the colony. One 
of the principal encouragers of the Scottish colony in New Jersey 
was George Scot or Scott (d. 1685) of Pitlochrie, who had been re- 
peatedly fined and imprisoned by the Privy Council of Scotland for 
attending "Conventicles." as clandestine religious gatherings were then 
called in Scotland, and in the hope of obtaining freedom of worship 
in the new world he proposed to emigrate "to the plantations." To 
encourage others to do the like he printed at Edinburgh (1685) a work, 
now very rare, called "The Model of the Government of the Province 
of East New Jersey, in America ; and Encouragement for Such as 
Design to be concerned there." Scot received a grant of five hundred 
acres in recognition of his having written the work, and sailed in the 
Henry aud Fraud'; for America. A malignant fever broke out among 
the passengers and nearly half on board perished including Scot and 
his wife. A son and daughter survived and the proprietors a year after 
issued a confirmation of the grant to Scot's daughter and her husband 
(John Johnstone), many of whose descendants are still living in New 
Jersey. 

Walter Ker of Dalserf, Lanarkshire, banished in 1685, settled in 
Freehold, and was active in organizing the Presbyterian Church there, 
one of the oldest in New Jersey. The Scots settlers who came over 
at this period occupied most of the northern counties of the state but 
many went south and southwest, mainly around Princeton, and, says 
Samuel Smith, the first historian of the province, "There were very 
soon four towns in the Province, viz., Elizabeth, Newark, Middletown 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 17 

and Shrewsbury ; and these with the country round were in a few 
years plentifully inhabited by the accession of the Scotch, of whom 
there came a great many." These Scots, says Duncan Campbell, 
largely gave "character to this sturdy little state not the least of their 
achievements being the building up if not the nominal founding of 
Princeton College, which has contributed so largely to the scholarship 
of America." 

In 1682 another company of nobles and gentlemen in Scotland 
arranged lor a settlement at Port Royal, South Carolina. These colon- 
ists consisted mainly of Presbyterians banished for attending "Con- 
venticles." The names of some of these immigrants, whose descendants 
exist in great numbers at the present day, included James McClin- 
tock, John Buchanan, William Inglis, Gavin Black, Adam Allan, John 
Gait, Thomas Marshall, William Smith, Robert Urie, Thomas Bryce, 
John Syme, John Alexander, John Marshall, Matthew Machen, John 
Paton, John Gibson, John Young, Arthur Cunningham, George Smith, 
and George Dowart. The colony was further increased by a small 
remnant of the ill-fated expedition to Darien. One of the vessels 
which left Darien to return to Scotland, the Rising Sun. was driven 
out of its course by a gale and took refuge in Charleston. Among 
its passengers was the Rev. Archibald Stobo, who was asked by some 
people in Charleston to preach in the town while the ship was being 
refitted. He accepted the invitation and left the ship with his wife 
and about a dozen others. The following day, the Rising Sun, while 
lying off the bar, was overwhelmed in a hurricane and all on board 
were drowned. This Rev. Archibald Stobo was the earliest American 
ancestor of the late Theodore Roosevelt's mother. In the following 
year (1683) the colony was augmented by a number of Scots colonists 
from Ulster led by one Ferguson. A second Scottish colony in the 
same year under Henry Erskine, Lord Cardross, founded Stuartstown 
(so named in honor of his wife). Another colony from Ulster was 
that of Williamsburgh township (1732-34), who named their princi- 
pal village Kingstree. 

There were settlements of Scots Highlanders in North Carolina, 
on the Cape Fear River, as early as 1729; some indeed are said to 
have settled there as early as 1715. Neill McNeill of Jura brought 
over a colony of more than 350 from Argyllshire in 1739, and large 
numbers in 1746, after Culloden, and settled them on the Cape Fear 
River. Cross Creek, now Fayetteville, was the center of these High- 
land settlements, and hither came the Scottish heroine. Flora Mac- 
Donald, in 1775. The mania for emigration to North Carolina afl'ected 
all classes in Scotland and continued for many years. The Scots 
Magazine for May 1768 records that a number of settlers from the 



18 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

Western Isles had embarked for Carolina and Georgia, including forty 
or fifty families from Jura alone. In September of following year 
it is stated that a hundred families of Highlanders had arrived at 
Brunswick, North Carolina, and "two vessels are daily expected with 
more." In August 1769 the ship Mally sailed from Islay full of pas- 
sengers for North Carolina, which was the third or fourth emigra- 
tion from Argyll "since the conclusion of the late war." In August 
1770 it was stated that since the previous April six vessels carrying 
about twelve hundred emigrants had sailed from the western High- 
lands for North Carolina. In February of the following year the same 
magazine states that five hundred souls in Islay and adjacent islands 
were preparing to emigrate to America in the following summer. In 
September of the same year three hundred and seventy persons sailed 
from Skye for North Carolina, and two entries in the magazine for 
1772 record the emigration of numbers from Sutherland and Loch 
Erribol. In the same year a writer says the people who have emi- 
grated from the Western Isles since the year 1768 "have carried with 
them at least ten thousand pounds in specie. Notwithstanding this is a 
great loss to us, yet the depopulation by these emigrations is a much 
greater. . . . Besides, the continual emigrations from Ireland and 
Scotland, will soon render our colonies independent on the mother- 
country." In August, 1773, three gentlemen of the name of Macdonell, 
with their families and four hundred Highlanders from Inverness- 
shire sailed for America to take possession of a grant of land "in 
Albany." On the 22d of June previously between seven and eight 
hundred people from the Lewis sailed from Stornoway for the colo- 
nies. On the first of September, 1773, four hundred and twenty-five 
men, women and children from Inverness-shire sailed for .\merica. 
"They are the finest set of fellows in the Highlands. It is allowed they 
carried at least 6000 pounds Sterling in ready cash with them." In 
1774 farmers and heads of families in Stirlingshire were forming 
societies to emigrate to the colonies and the fever had also extended to 
Orkney and .Shetland and the north of England. In 1753 it was esti- 
mated that there were one thousand Scots in the single county of 
Cumberland capable of bearing arms, of whom the Macdonalds were 
the most numerous. Gabriel Johnston, governor of the province of 
North Carolina from 1734 to 1752, appears to have done more to en- 
courage the settlement of Scots in the colony than all its other colonial 
governors combined. 

In 1735 a body of one hundred and thirty Highlanders with fifty 
women and children sailed from Inverness and landed at Savannah in 
January 1736. Tliey were under the leadership of Lieutenant Hugh 
Mackay. Some Carolinians endeavoured to dissuade them from going 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 19 

to the South by telling them that the Spaniards would attack them 
from their houses in the fort near where they were to settle, to 
which they replied, "Why, then, we will beat them out of their 
fort, and shall have houses ready built to live in." "This 
valiant spirit," says Jones, "found subsequent expression in the 
eflicient military service rendered by these Highlanders during the 
wars between the Colonists and the Spaniards, and by their descend- 
ants in the American Revolution. To John 'More' Mcintosh, Cap- 
tain Hugh Mackay, Ensign Charles Mackay, Col. John Mcintosh, Gen- 
eral Laclilan Mcintosh, and their gallant comrades and followers, 
Georgia, both as a Colony and a State, owes a large debt of gratitude. 
This settlement was subsequently augmented from time to time by 
fresh arrivals from Scotland. ... Its men were prompt and effi- 
cient in arms, an4 when the war cloud descended upon the southern 
confines of the province no defenders were more alert or capable than 
those found in the ranks of these Highlanders." "No people," says 
Walter Glasco Charlton, "ever came to Georgia who took so quickly 
to the conditions under which they were to live or remained more 
loyal to her interests" than the Highlanders. "These men," says 
Jones, "were not reckless adventurers or reduced emigrants volunteer- 
ing through necessity, or exiled through insolvency or want. They 
were men of good character, and were carefully selected for their mili- 
tary qualities. . . . Besides this military band, others among the 
Mackays, the Dunbars, the Baillies, and the Cuthberts applied for 
large tracts of land in Georgia which they occupied with their own 
servants. Many of them went over in person and settled in the 
province." 

Among the immigrants who flocked into Virginia in 1729 and 1740 
we find individuals named Alexander Breckinridge. David Logan, 
Hugh Campbell, William Graham, James Waddell (the "Blind 
Preacher"), John McCue, Benjamin EH\ in, Gideon Blackburn, Sam- 
uel Houston, Archibald Scott. Samuel Carrack, John Montgomery, 
George Baxter, William McPheeters, and Robert Poage (Page?), 
and others bearing the names of Bell, Trimble (TurnbuH), Hay, An- 
derson. Patterson, Scott, Wilson, and Young. John McDowell and 
eight of his men were killed by Indians in 1742. Among the members 
of his company was his venerable father Ephraim McDowell. In 1763 
the Indians attacked a peaceful settlement and carried off a number 
of captives. After traveling some distance and feeling safe from pur- 
suit they demanded that their captives should sing for their enter- 
tainment, and it was a Scotswoman, Mrs. Gilmore, who struck up 
Rouse's version of the one hundred and thirty-seventh psalm : 



20 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

"By Babel's streams we sat and wept, 
\\'hen Zion we thouglit on, 
In midst thereof we hanged our harps 
The willow tree thereon. 

"For there a song required they, 
Who did us captive bring; 
Our spoilers called for mirth, and said: 
'A song of Zion sing.' " 

In the following year Colonel Henry Bouquet led a strong force 
against the Indians west of the Ohio, and compelled them to desist 
from their predatory warfare, and deliver up the captives they had 
taken. One of his companies was made up of men from the Central 
\'^alley of Virginia, largely composed of Scots or men of Ulster Scot 
descent, and commanded by Alexander McClanahan, a good Galloway 
surname. Ten years later occurred the battle of Point Pleasant when 
men of the same race under the command of Andrew Lewis defeated 
the Shawnee Indians. 

In January 1775, the freeholders of Fincastle presented an address 
to the Continental Congress, declaring their purpose to resist the 
oppressive measures of the home government. Among the signers 
were William Christian, Rev. Charles Cummings, Arthur Campbell, 
William Campbell. William Edmundson, William Preston and others. 
Several other counties in the same state, inhabited mainly by Scots or 
people of Scottish descent, adopted like resolutions. During the Re- 
volutionary war. in addition to large numbers of men of Scottish 
origin serving in the Continental army from this state, the militia were 
also constantly in service under the leadership of such men as Colonels 
Samuel McDowell, George MofTett, William Preston, John and Wil- 
liam Bowyer, Samson Mathews, etc. 

The following Scots were members of His Majesty's Council in 
South Carolina under the royal government, from 1720 to 1776: 
Alexander Skene, James Kinloch (1729), John Cleland. James 
Graeme, George Saxby, James Michie, John Rattray (1761), Thomas 
Knox Gordon, and John Stuart, .'\ndrew Rulledge was Speaker 'of 
the Commons' House of .Assembly from 1749 to 1752. David Graeme, 
attorney at law in 1754, was Attorney-General of the State from 
1757 to 1764. James Graeme, most probably a relation of the pre- 
ceding, was elected to the Assembly from Port Royal in 1732, became 
Judge of the Court of Vice Admiralty from 1742 to 1752. and Chief 
Justice from 1749 to 1752. James Michie was Speaker of the Assem- 
bly from 1752 to 1754, Judge of the Court of Admiralty from 1752 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 21 

to 1754, and Chief Justice from 1759 to 1761. William Simpson 
served as Chief Justice 1761-1762. Thomas Knox Gordon was ap- 
pointed Chief Justice in 1771 and served till 1776, and in 1773 he also 
appears as Member of Council. John Murray was appointed Asso- 
ciate Justice in 1771 and died in 1774. William Gregory was ap- 
pointed by His Majesty's mandamus to succeed him in 1774. Robert 
Hume was Speaker of the Assembly in 1732-1733. Robert Brisbane 
was Associate Justice in 1764, and Robert Pringle appears in the 
same office in 1760 and 1766. John Rattray was Judge of the Court 
of Vice- Admiralty in 1760-61, and James Abercrombie appears as 
Attorney-General in 1731-32. James Simpson was Clerk of the Coun- 
cil in 1773. Surveyor-General of Land in 1772, Attorney-General in 
1774-75, and Judge of Vice-Admiralty in the absence of Sir Augustus 
Johnson in 1769. John Garwood was Assistant Justice in 1725. 
Thomas Nairne was employed in 1707 "as resident agent among the 
Indians, with power to settle all disputes among traders ... to 
arrest traders who were guilty of misdemeanors and send them to 
Charleston for trial, to take charge of the goods of persons who were 
committed to prison, and to exercise the power of a justice of the 
peace." This Thomas Nairne is probably the same individual who 
published, anonymously, "A letter from South Carolina ; giving an 
account of the soil . . . product . . . trade . . . government 
[etc.] of that province. Written by a Swiss Gentleman to his friend 
at Bern," the first edition of which was published in London in 1710 
(second ed. in 1732). 

Among the names of the seventeen corporate members of the 
Charleston Library Society established in 1743 occur those of the fol- 
lowing Scots : Robert Brisbane, Alexander M'Cauley, Patrick M'Kie, 
William Logan, John Sinclair, James Grindlay. Alexander Baron, and 
Charles Stevenson. 

Of the members of the Provincial Congress held at Charleston in 
January, 1775, the following were Scotsmen or men of Scottish ances- 
try: Major John Caldwell, Patrick Calhoun (ancestor of Vice-Presi- 
dent Calhoun), George Haig of the family of Bemersyde, Charles 
Elliott, Thomas Ferguson, Adam Macdonald, Alexander MTntosh, 
John M'Ness, Isaac MacPherson, Col. William Moultrie, David Oli- 
phant, George Ross, Thomas Rutledge, James Sinkler, James Skirving, 
senior, James Skirving, junior, William Skirving. and Rev. William 
Tennent. 

In Maryland there seems to have been a colony of Scots about 
1670 under Colonel Ninian Beall, settled between the Potomac and the 
Patuxent, and gradually increased by successive additions. Through 
his influence a church was established at Patuxent in 1704, the mem- 



22 SCPTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

bers of which included several prominent Fifeshire families. Many 
other small Scottish colonies were settled on the eastern shore of 
Maryland and \'irginia, particularly in Accomac, Dorchester, Somer- 
set, \\'icomico, and Worcester counties. To minister to them the Rev. 
Francis Makemie and the Rev. William Traill were sent out by the 
Presbytery of Laggan in Ulster. Upper Marlborough, Marjdand, was 
founded by a company of Scottish immigrants and were ministered to 
by the Rev. Nathaniel Taylor, also from Scotland. 

Two shiploads of Scottish Jacobites taken at Preston in 1716 were 
sent over in the ships Friendship and Good Speed to Maryland to be 
sold as servants. The names of some of these sufficiently attest their 
Scottish origin, as, Dugall Macqueen, Alexander Garden, Henry Wil- 
son, John Sinclair, William Grant, Alexander Spalding, John Rob- 
ertson, William MacBean, William McGilvary, James Hindry, Allen 
Maclien, William Cummins, David Steward, John Maclntire, David 
Kennedy, John Cameron, Alexander Orrach [Orrock?], Finloe Mac- 
lntire, Daniel Grant, etc. Another batch taken in the Rising of the 
'45 and also shipped to Mar)'land include such names as John Grant, 
Alexander Buchanan, Patrick Ferguson, Thomas Ross, John Came- 
ron, William Cowan, John Bowe, John Burnett, Duncan Cameron, 
James Chapman, Thomas Claperton, Sanders Campbell, Charles Dav- 
idson, John Duff, James Erwyn, Peter Gardiner, John Gray, James 
King, Patrick Murray, William Melvil, William Murdock, etc. 

A strong infusion of Scottish blood in New York State came 
through settlements made there in response to a proclamation issued 
in 1735 by the Governor, inviting "loyal protestant Highlanders" to 
settle the lands between the Hudson River and the northern lakes. 
Attracted by this offer Captain Lauchlin Campbell of Islay, in 1738- 
40, brought over eighty-three families of Highlanders to settle on a 
grant of thirty thousand acres in what is now Washington County. 
"By this immigration," says E. H. Roberts, "the province secured a 
much needed addition to its population, and these Highlanders must 
have sent messages home not. altogether unfavorable, for they were 
the pioneers of a multitude whose coming in successive years were to 
add strength and thrift and nitelligence beyond the ratio of their num- 
bers to tine communities in which they set up their homes." Many 
Scottish immigrants settled in the vicinity of Goshen, Orange County, 
in 1720, and by 1729 had organized and built two churches. A second 
colony arrived from the north of Ireland in 1731. At the same time 
as the grant was made to Lauchlin Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor 
Clarke granted to John Lindsay, a Scottish gentleman, and three 
associates, a tract of eighty thousand acres in Qierry Valley, in Otsego 
Coimty. Lindsay afterwards purchased the rights of his associates 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 23 

and sent out families from Scotland and Ulster to the valley of the 
Susquehanna. These were augmented by pioneers from Londonderry, 
New Hampshire, under the Rev. Samuel Dunlop, who, in 1743 estab- 
lished in his own house the first classical school west of the Hudson. 
Ballston in Saratoga County was settled in 1770 by a colony of Pres- 
byterians who removed from Bedford, New York, with their pastor, 
and were afterwards joined by many Scottish immigrants from Scot- 
land, Ulster, New Jersey, and New England. The first Presbyterian 
Church was organized in Albany in 1760 'by Scottish immigrants who 
had settled in that vicinity. 

Sir William Johnson for his services in the French War (1755-58) 
received from the Crown a grant of one hundred thousand acres in the 
Mohawk Valley, near Johnstown, which he colonized with Highland- 
ers in 1773-74. 

In New York City about the end of the eighteenth century there 
was a colony of several hundred Scottish weavers, mainly from Pais- 
ley. They formed a community apart in what was then the village of 
Greenwich. In memory of their old home they named the locality 
"Paisley Place." A view of some of their old dwellings in Seven- 
teenth Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, as they existed 
in 1863, is given in Valentine's Manual for that year. 

Although many Scots came to New England and New York they 
never settled there in such numbers as to leave their impress on the 
community so deeply as they did in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dela- 
ware, and the south. There were Presbyterian churches in Lewes, 
Newcastle (Delaware), and Philadelphia previous to 1698, and from 
that time forward the province of Pennsylvania was the chief centre 
of Scottish settlement both from Scotland direct and by way of Ulster. 
By 1720 these settlers had reached the mouth of the Susquehanna, 
and three years later the present site of Harrisburg. Between 1730 
and 1745 they settled the Cumberland Valley and still pushing west- 
ward, in 1768-69 the present Fayette, Westmoreland, Allegheny, and 
Washington counties. In 1773 they penetrated to and settled in Ken- 
tucky, and were followed by a stream of Todds, Flemings, Morrisons, 
Barbours, Breckinridges, McDowells, and others. By 1790 seventy- 
five thousand people were in the region and Kentucky was admitted 
to the Federal Union in 1792. By 1779 they had crossed the Ohio 
River into the present state of Ohio. Between the years 1730 and 
1775 the Scottish immigration into Pennsylvania often reached ten 
thousand a year. 



SOME PROMINENT SCOTS AND SCOTS 
FAMILIES 

Lord Bacon expressed his regret that the lives of eminent men were 
nut more frequently written, and added that, "though kings, princes, 
and great personages be few, yet there are many excellent men who 
deserve better fate than vague reports and barren elegies." Of no 
country is this more true than the United States. An examination of 
the innumerable early biographical dictionaries with which the shelves 
of our public libraries are cumbered, will show that the bulk of the 
life sketches of the individuals therein commemorated are vague and 
unsatisfactory. In nearly ever}' case little or no information is given 
of the parentage or origin of the subject, and indeed one work goes 
so far as to say that such infonnation is unnecessary, the mere fact 
of American birth being sufficient. However pleasing such statements 
may be from an ultra patriotic viewpoint it is verj' unsatisfactory from 
the biological or historical side of the question, which is undoubtedly 
the most important to be considered. The neglect of these items 
of origin, etc., makes the task of positively identifying certain indi- 
viduals as of Scottish origin or descent a very difficult one. One may 
feel morally certain that a particular individual from his name or fea- 
tures (if tliere be a portrait) is of Scottish origin, but without a defi- 
nite statement to that effect the matter must in most cases be left an 
open question. One other cause of uncertainty, and it is a very 
annoying one, is the careless method of many biographers in putting 
down a man's origin as "Irish," "from Ireland," "from the north of 
Ireland," etc., where they clearly mean to state that the individual con- 
cerned is descended from one of the many thousands of Scots who 
settled in Ulster in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Not- 
withstanding this uncertainty the proportion of men of undoubted 
Scottish origin who have reached high distinction, and whose in- 
fluence has had such far reaching scoi^e in the United States, is phe- 
nomenal. "Let anyone," says Dinsmore, "scrutinize the list of names 
of distinguished men in our annals; names of men eminent in public 
life from President down; men distingushed in the Church, in the 
Army, in the Navy, at the Bar, on the Bench, in Medicine and 
Surgcrv', in Education, trade, commerce, invention, discovery — in any 

24 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 25 

and all of the arts which add to the freedom, enlightenment, and 
wealth of the world, and the convenience and comfort of mankind ; 
names which have won luster in every honorable calling — let him 
scrutinize the list" and he will be astonished to find how large a pro- 
portion of these names represent men of Scottish birth or Scottish 
descent. In these pages it is obviously impossible to mention every 
Scot who has achieved distinction — to do so would require a large 
biographical dictionary. We can here only select a few names in each 
class from early colonial times to the present day. 

The most famous family of Colonial times was that of the Liv- 
ingstons of Livingston Manor, famed alike for their ability and their 
patriotism. The first of the family in America was Robert Livingston 
(1654-1725), born at Ancrum, Roxburghshire, who came to America 
about 1672. He married Alida (Schuyler) Van Rensselaer. His 
eldest son, Philip (1686-1749), second Lord of the Manor, succeeded 
him and added greatly to the family wealth and lands by his business 
enterprise. Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710-92), second son of 
Philip, was President of the first Provincial Congress. Another son, 
Philip (1716-78), was Member of the General Assembly for the City 
of New York, Member of Congress in 1774 and 1776, and one of the 
Signers of the Declaration of Independence. A third son was Wil- 
liam (1723-90), Governor of New Jersey. Other prominent members 
of this family were Robert R. Livingston (1746-1813), and Edward 
(1764-1836). The former was Member of the Continental Congress, 
Chancellor of the State of J^^ew York (1777-1801), Secretary of For- 
eign Affairs (1781-83), Minister to France (1801-05), and Negotiator 
of the Louisiana Purchase (1803). He administered the oath of of- 
fice to George W^ashington on his assuming the office of President. 
Edward was Member of Congress from New York (1795-1801), 
Mayor of New York City (1801-03), Member of Congress from 
Louisiana (1823-29), United States Senator (1829-31), Secretary of 
State (1831-33), and Minister to France (1833-35). Robert Fulton, 
the inventor, married a daughter of the Livingstons and thus got the 
necessary financial backing to make the Clermont a success. A sister 
of Edward was married to General Montgomery of Quebec fame, 
another to Secretary of War Armstrong, and a third to General ]^Ior- 
gan Lewis. 

The Bells of New Hampshire descended from John Bell, the Lon- 
donderry settler of 1718, gave three governors to New Hampshire and 
one to \'ermont. Luther V. Bell, formerly Superintendent of the ^Ic- 
Lean Asylum, Somerville, Massachusetts, was another of his descend- 
ants. The McNutts of Londonderry, New Hampshire, are descended 
from William McNaught, who settled there in 1718. The ;\IcNaughts 



26 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

came originally from Kilquhanite in Galloway. The Bean family, de- 
scended from John Bean who came to America in 1660, were pioneers 
in new settlements in New Hampshire and Maine, and bore the burden 
of such a life and proftted by it. About one hundred of them were 
soldiers in the Revolutionary W'ar. The Macdonough family of Dela- 
ware is also of Scottish descent. Thomas Macdonough, the famous 
naval officer, was of the third generation in this country. The Corbit 
family of Delaware are descended from Daniel Corbit, a Quaker born 
in Scotland in 1682. The Forsyths of Georgia are descended from 
Robert Forsyth, born in Scotland about 1754, who entered the Con- 
gressional Army and became a Cai)tain of Lee's Light Horse in 1776. 
The Forsyths of New York State trace their descent to two brothers 
from Aberdeenshire (John and Alexander). The bulk of the Vir- 
ginia Gordons appear to have been from Galloway. 

Alexander Breckenridge, a Scot, came to America about 1728, 
settling in Pennsylvania and later in Virginia. One of his sons, 
Robert, was an energetic Captain of Rangers during the Indian wars, 
and died before the close of the Revolutionary War. By his second 
wife, also of Scottish descent, he had several sons who achieved fame 
and success. One of these sons, John Breckenridge (1760-1808), be- 
came Attorney-General of Kentucky in 1795 ; served in the state legis- 
lature 1797-18(X); drafted the famous Kentucky resolutions in 1798; 
was United States Senator from Kentuck-j' (1801-05) and Attorney- 
General in Jefferson's Cabinet from 1805 till his death. Among the 
■sons of John Breckenridge were Robert Jefferson Breckenridge (1800- 
71), clergyman and author, and Joseph Cabell Breckenridge. John 
Cabell Breckenridge. son of Joseph C. Breckenridge, was Vice-Presi- 
dent of the United States (1857-61), candidate of the Southern Demo- 
crats for President in 1860, General in the Confederate Armies (1862- 
64), Confederate Secretary of War till 1865. Joseph Cabell Brecken- 
ridge (b. 1840), son of Robert J. Breckenridge, also served with dis- 
tinction in the Civil War. and took an active part in the Santiago cam- 
paign during the Spanish-.\merican War. Henry Breckenridge (b. 
1886), son of Joseph C. Breckenridge, was Assistant Secretary of 
War, and served with the American Expeditionary Forces in the Ar- 
gonne. William Campbell Preston Breckenridge (1837-1904), son of 
Robert J. Breckenridge, was Member of the Forty-ninth Congress. 

The descendants of James McClellan, kin of the McClellans of 
Galloway, Scotland, who was appointed Constable at the town meet- 
ing held in Worcester in March, 1724, have written their name large 
in the medical and military annals of this country. Some of his 
descendants are noticed under Physicians. The most famous of the 
family was General George Brinton MacQellan (1826-85), Major- 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 2? 

General in the United States Army during the Civil War, unsuccessful 
candidate of the Democratic Party for President in 1864, and Gov- 
ernor of New Jersey from 1878 to 1881. The General's son, George 
B. McCIellan (b. 1865), was Mayor of New York (1903 and 1905) 
and is now a Professor in Princeton. James Bulloch, born in Scotland 
c. 1701, emigrated to Charleston, South Carolina, c. 1728. In the 
following year he married Jean Stobo, daughter of the Rev. Archibald 
Stobo, and was the first ancestor of the late President Roosevelt's 
mother. His son, Archibald Bulloch (d. 1777), was Colonial Gov- 
ernor of Georgia and Commander of the State's forces in 1776-77, 
and signed the first Constitution of Georgia as President. He would 
have been one of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence had 
not official duties called him home. A descendant of his, James Dun- 
^oody Bulloch, uncle of the late President Roosevelt, was Lieutenant 
in the Confederate Navy and Confederate States Naval Agent abroad. 
Irvine S. Bulloch, another uncle of Roosevelt's, was Sailing Master of 
the Alabama when in battle with the U. S. S. Kearsarge. Another of 
this family was William B. Bulloch (1776-1852), lawyer and State 
Senator of Georgia. The Chambers family of Trenton, New Jersey, 
are descended from two brothers, John and Robert Chambers, who 
came over in the ship Henry and Francis in 1685. 

In the eighteenth century many natives of Dumfriesshire emigrated 
to the American colonies, and of these perhaps the most prominent 
were those descended from John Johnston of Stapleton, Dumfries- 
shire, an officer in a Scottish regiment in the French service. His 
second son. Gabriel, became Governor of North Carolina. In the 
house of the Governor's brother, Gilbert, it is stated that General 
Marion signed the commission for the celebrated band known as 
"Marion's Men." Among the more prominent descendants of Gilbert 
Johnston are: (1) James, who became a Colonel on the staff of 
General Rutherford during the Revolution and served in several 
engagements; (2) William, M.D., who married a daughter of General 
Peter Forney, and died in 1855. This William had five sons: (1) 
James, a Captain in the Confederate Army ; (2) Robert, a Brigadier- 
General: (3) William, a Colonel; (4) Joseph Forney, born in 1843, 
Captain in the Confederate Army, Governor of Alabama from 1896 
to 1900, and United States Senator for Alabama in 1907; (5) Bartlett. 
an officer in the Confederate Navy. Samuel Johnston, a nephew of 
Gilbert's, was the Naval Officer of North Carolina in 1775, Treasurer 
during the Revolution, and Governor of North Carolina from 1787 to 
1789, President of the Convention that finally adopted the State Con- 
stitution, and first Senator elected by his state in the United States 
Congress in 1789. His son, James, was the largest planter in the 



28 SCOTLAND'S MARK OX AMERICA 

United States on his death in 1865. Gilbert's brother Robert, was an 
attorney and civil engineer. His son, Peter, served as Lieutenant in 
the legion which Colonel Henry Lee recruited in Virginia, and after 
the war became Judge of the South- Western Circuit in Virginia, and 
Speaker of the \'irginia House of Delegates. He married Mary 
Wood, a niece of Patrick Henry. Their eighth son, Joseph Eccleston 
Johnston, born in 1807, graduated from West Point in 1829, served 
in the Federal Army in all its campaigns, up to the time of the Civil 
War. Although holding the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Quarter- 
Master-General, he resigned and joined the Confederate Army, and 
rendered brilliant service in its ranks. Another eminent individual of 
this name was General Albert Sydney Johnston, the son of a physician, 
John Johnston, the descendant of a Scottish family long settled in 
Connecticut. Christopher Johnston (1822-1891), a descendant of the 
Poldean branch of the Annandale Johnstons, was professor of surgery 
in the University of Maryland. His son, also named Christopher 
(d. 1914), graduated M.D., practised for eight years, studied ancient 
and modern languages, and eventually became Professor of Oriental 
History and Archaeology in Johns Hopkins University. He was one 
of the most distinguished Oriental scholars this country has produced. 
Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804), one of the founders of the 
Republic, served with distinction in the Revolutionary War, but it was 
as a Statesman of the highest ability that he acquired his great fame. 
He was one of the most prominent Members of the Continental Con- 
gress (1782-83), of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and Secre- 
tary of the Treasury (1789-95). He was born in the West Indies, 
the son of a Scots father and a French mother. 

Thomas Leiper (1745-1825). bom in Strathaven, Lanarkshire, emi- 
grated to Maryland in 1763, was one of the first to favor separation 
from the mother coimtry, and raised a fund for open resistance to the 
Crown. 

Robert Stuart (1785-1848). pioneer and fur-trader, bom at Cal- 
lander, Perthshire, a grandson of Rob Roy's bitterest enemy. In 1810, 
in company with his uncle, John Jacob Astor. and several others, he 
founded the fur-trading colony of Astoria. His share in this under- 
taking is fully described in Washington Irving's Astoria. In 1817 
Stuart settled at Mackinac as agent of the American Fur Company, 
and also served as Commissioner for the Indian tribes. General 
George Bartram, of Scottish parentage, was one of the "Committee 
of Correspondence" appointed to take action on the "Chesapeake 
.^f^air" in 1807, when war with Britain seemed imminent, and was 
active in military affairs during the war of 1812. Allan Pinkerton 
(1819-84). born in the Gorbals, Glasgow, organized the United States 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 29 

Secret Service Division of the United States Army in 1861, discovered 
the plot to assassinate President Lincoln on his way to his inaugura- 
tion in 1861, and also broke up the "Molly ]\Iaguires," etc. William 
Walker (1824-60), the filibuster, was born in Tennessee of Scots 
parentage. 

Rev. George Keith, a native of Aberdeen, became Surveyor-General 
of New Jersey in 1684. He founded the town of Freehold and marked 
out the dividing line between East and West Jersey. In 1693 he 
issued the first printed protest against human slavery, "An Exhortation 
& Caution to Friends concerning Buying and Keeping of Negroes," 
New York, 1693. James Alexander (1690-1756), a Scot, was dis- 
barred for attempting the defense of John Peter Zenger, the printer, 
in 1735. Along with Benjamin Franklin he was one of the founders 
of the American Philosophical Society. Andrew Hamilton (1676- 
1741), the most eminent lawyer of his time, Attorney-General of 
Pennsylvania, and chief Commissioner for building Independence Hall 
in Philadelphia, vi^as born in Scotland. For his championship of the 
freedom of the press and his successful defence of Zenger he was 
hailed by Governor Morris as "the day-star of the Revolution." His 
son James Hamilton, was the first native-born Governor of Pennsyl- 
vania and Mayor of Philadelphia. James Breghin or Brechin, Mis- 
sionary, born in Scotland, took a prominent part in the affairs of 
Virginia (1705-19) and was an active supporter of Commissary Blair. 
Charles Anderson, another Missionary, probably a graduate of Aber- 
deen, served in Virginia from 1700 to 1719, was also a supporter of 
Blair. James Graham, first Recorder of the city of New York (1683- 
1700) and Speaker of Assembly (1691-99) was born in Scotland. 
Thomas Gordon (d. Perth Amboy, 1722), born in Pitlochrie, was 
Attorney-General of the Eastern District (1698), Chief Secretary and 
Registrar in 1702, later Speaker of Assembly, and in 1709 Chief 
Justice and Receiver-General and Treasurer of the province. Alex- 
ander Skene, who previously held office in Barbadoes, settled in North 
Carolina about 1696. In 1717 he was Member of Council and As- 
sistant to the Judge of Admiralty to try a number of pirates. In 1719 
he was elected Member of the New House of Assembly and became 
leader of the movement for the Proprietary Government. He was 
"looked upon as a man that understood public affairs very well." 
Major Richard Stobo (1727-c. 1770), a native of Glasgow, served 
in the Canadian campaign against the French. It was he who guided 
the Fraser Flighlanders up the Heights of Abraham. Archibald Ken- 
nedy (c. 1687-1763), a relative of the Earl of Cassilis, was Collector 
of Customs of the Port of New York and Member of the Provincial 
Council. In his letters to headquarters and in his reports he urged 



30 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

the importance of the American Colonies to the mother country and 
advocated measures which, if carried out, would undoubtedly have 
strengthened their loyaltj^ and added to their wealth and prosperity. 
Alexander Barclay, grandson of the Apologist of the Quakers, was 
Comptroller of the Customs under the Crown in Philadelphia from 
1762 till his death in 1771. William Ronald, a native of Scotland, was 
a delegate in the Virginia Convention of 1788. His brother, General 
Andrew Ronald, was one of the Counsel representing the British mer- 
chants in the so-called British Debts Case. William Houston, son of 
Sir Patrick Houston, was a Delegate to the Continental Congress 
(1784-87) and a Depute from Georgia to the Convention for revising 
the Federal Constitution. His portrait, as well as that of his brother's, 
was destroyed by fire during the Civil War. Sir William Dunbar 
(c. 1740-1810), a pioneer of Louisiana, held important tnists under 
the Federal government and was a correspondent of Thomas Jeffer- 
son. Rev. Henry Patillo (1736-1801), born in Scotland, advocated 
separation from the mother country' on every possible occasion, and 
was a Member of the Provincial Council in 1775. John Dickinson 
(1732-1808), Member of the Continental Congress of 1765, of the 
Federal Convention of 1787, and President of Pennsylvania (1782- 
85). was also the founder of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsyl- 
vania. The Dickinsons came from Dundee in early colonial times. 
John Ross, purchasing agent for the Continental Army, was born in 
Tain, Ross-shire. He lost about one hundred thousand dollars by his 
services to his adopted country, but managed to avoid financial ship- 
wreck. John Harvie, born at Gargunnock, died 1807, was Member 
of the Continental Congress (1777). signer of the Articles of Con- 
federation the following year, and in 1788 was appointed Secretary 
of the Commonwealth. John McDonnell (1779-1846), bom in Scot- 
land, was in business in Detroit in 1812, and "thoroughly American- 
ized." He opposed the British commander's orders after the sur- 
render of Hull, and redeemed many captives from the Indians. 
Became Member of State Constitutional Convention (L835), State 
Senator (1835-37), and Collector of the Port of Detroit (1839-41). 
John Johnstone Adair (b. 1807), graduate of Glasgow University, 
settled in Michigan, filled several important positions and became State 
Treasurer, State Senator, and Auditor General. Colonel James Burd 
(1726-93), born at Ormiston, Midlothian, took part with General 
Forbes in the expedition to redeem the failure of Braddock. General 
John Forbes (1710-59), born in PittencriefF. Fifeshire, was founder of 
Pittsburgh. He was noted for his obstinacy and strength of character, 
and may have been the prototype of the Scotsman of the prayer: 
"Grant, O Lord, that the Scotchman may be right; for, if wrong. 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 31 

he is eternally wrong." Captain William Bean was the first white 
man to bring his family to Tennessee. His son, Russell Bean, was 
the first white child born in the state. His descendant, Dr. James 
Bean, died in a snowstorm on Mont Blanc while collecting specimens 
for the Smithsonian Institution. 

George Rogers Clark (1752-1818), to whose prowess is due the pos- 
session of the territory Northwest of the Ohio, secured by the peace 
of 1783, was of Scottish descent. David Crockett (1786-1836), was 
most probably of i the same origin, though vaguely said to be "son of 
an Irishman." The name is distinctly Scottish (Dumfriesshire). 
Samuel McDowell (1735-1817), took an active part in the movement 
leading to the War of Independence and was President of the first 
State Constitutional Convention of Kentucky (1792). Colonel James 
Innes, born in Canisbay, Caithness, was appointed G^mmander-in- 
Chief of all the forces in the expedition to the Ohio in 1754 by Gov- 
enior Dinwiddle. 

Isaac Magoon, a Scot, was the first settler of the town of Scotland 
(c. 1700), and gave it the name of his native country. Dr. John 
Stevenson, a Scot, pioneer merchant and developer of Baltimore, 
if not indeed its actual founder, was known as the "American Romu- 
lus." George Walker, a native of Clackmannanshire, pointed out the 
advantages of the present site of the Capital of the United States, and 
George Buchanan, another Scot, laid out Baltimore town in 1730. 
John Kinzie (1763-1828), the founder of Chicago, was born in Can- 
ada of Scottish parentage, the son of John MacKenzie. It is not 
known why he dropped the "Mac." Samuel Wilkeson (1781-1848), 
the man who developed Buffalo from. a village to a city, was of Scot- 
tish descent. Alexander White (1814-72), born in Elgin, Scotland, 
was one of the earliest settlers of Chicago and did much to develop 
the city. Major Hugh McAlister, who served in the Revolutionary 
War, later founded the town of McAlisterville, Pennsylvania, was of 
Scots parentage. James Robertson (1742-1814), founder of Nash- 
ville, Tennessee, was of Scottish origin. His services are ranked next 
to Sevier's in the history of his adopted state. Walter Scott Gordon 
(1848-86), founder of Sheffield, Alabama, was the great-grandson of 
a Scot. The town of Paterson, in Putnam county, New York, was 
settled by Matthew Paterson, a Scottish stone-mason, in the middle of 
the eighteenth centur}', and was named after him. Lairdsville, in 
New York state, was named from Samuel Laird, son of a Scottish 
immigrant, in begimiing of the eighteenth century. Paris Gibson 
(b. 1830), grandson of a Scot, founded and developed the town of 
Great Falls. 



SCOTS AS COLONIAL AND PROVINCIAL 
GOVERNORS 

Of the colonial Governors sent from Britain to the American Col- 
onies before the Revolution and of Provincial Governors from that 
time to 1789. a large number were of Scottish birth or descent, .\mong 
them may be mentioned the following: 

New York. Robert Hunter, Governor (1710-19), previously Gov- 
ernor of Virginia, was a descendant of the Hunters of Hunterston, 
Ayrshire. He died Governor of Jamaica (1734). He was described 
as one of the ablest of the men sent over from Britain to fill public 
po.sitions. William Burnet (1688-1729), Governor in 1720, was also 
Governor of Massachusetts (1720-1729). He was the eldest son of 
Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Sarum. Smith, the historian of New York, 
calls him "a man of sense and polite breeding, a well bred scholar." 
John Montgomerie, Governor of Xew York and New Jersey (1728- 
31), was born in Scotland. John Hamilton, Governor (1736). Cad- 
wallader Golden (1688-1776), Lieutenant-Governor (1761-1776), 
born in Duns, Berwickshire, was distinguished as physician, botanist, 
mathematician, and did much to develop the resources of the state. 
O'Callaghan in his "Documentary History of the State of New York," 
says: "Posterity will not fail to accord justice to the character and 
memory of a man to whom this country is most deeply indebted for 
much of its science and for many of its most important institutions, 
and of whom the State of New York may well be proud." John 
Murray, fourth Earl of Dunmore, Governor (1770-71), afterwards 
Governor of Virginia. James Robertson (1710-1788), born in Fife- 
shire, was Governor in 1780. Andrew Elliot, born in Scotland in 
1728, was Lieutenant-Governor and administered the royalist govern- 
ment from 1781 to Noveml)er. 1783. 

New Jersey. Robert Barclay of the Quaker family of Barclay of 
Ury was appointed Governor of East New Jersey in 1682, but never 
visited his territory. Lord Neil Campbell, son of the ninth Earl of 
Argj-11, was appointed Governor in 1687, but meddled little in the 
affairs of the colony. Andrew Hamilton (c. 1627-1703), his deputy, 
born in Edinburgh, on Lord Neil Campbell's departure, became .Acting 
Governor. He was an active, energetic officer, who rendered good 

32 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 33 

service to the state, and organized the first postal service in the 
colonies. John Hamilton, son of Andrew, was Acting Governor for 
a time and died at Perth Amboy in 1746. William Livingston (1723- 
90), the "Don Quixote of New Jersey," grandson of Robert Living- 
ston of Ancrum, Scotland, founder of the Livingston family in 
America, so famous in the history of New York State, was Governor 
from 1776 to 1790. William Paterson (1745-1806), of Lister Scot 
birth, studied at Princeton, admitted to the New Jersey bar in No- 
vember, 1767, Attorney-General in 1776, first Senator from New 
Jersey to first Congress (1789), succeeded Livingston as Governor 
(1790-92), and in 1793 became Justice of the Supreme Court. The 
city of Paterson is named after him. 

Penxsylvania. Andrew Llamilton, Governor (1701-03), was pre- 
viously Governor of East and West Jersey. Sir William Keith (1680- 
1751 ), born in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Deputy Governor from 1717 
to 1726. Patrick Gordon (1644-1736), Governor (1726-28). James 
Logan (1674-1751), born in County Armagh, son of Patrick Logan, 
of Scottish parentage, was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of 
Pennsylvania from 1731 to 1739, and President of the Council (1736- 
38). He bequeathed his library of over two thousand volumes to 
Philadelphia, and they now form the "Loganian Library" in the Phila- 
delphia Public Library. James Hamilton (c. 1710-1783), son of 
Andrew Hamilton, champion of the liberty of the press, was elected 
Member of the Provincial Assembly when but twenty years of age, 
and was re-elected five times. He was Deputy Governor 1748-54 and 
1759-63. Robert Hunter IMorris, of the famous New Jersey family 
of that name. Deputy Governor (1745-56). Joseph Reed, of Ulster 
Scot descent, Governor (1778-81). John Dickinson was President 
from 1782 to 1785. 

Delaware. Dr. John jNIcKinly (1721-96), first Governor of the 
state (1777), was of Ulster Scot birth. (All the above Governors of 
Pennsylvania except Reed also held the governorship of Delaware 
along with that of Pennsylvania. ) 

Virginia. Robert Hunter (1707). (See above under New York.) 
Alexander Spotswood, Lieutenant-Governor (1710-22), a scion of the 
Spotswood of that Ilk. He was one of the ablest and most popular 
representatives of the crown authority in the Colonies and was the 
principal encourager of the growth of tobacco which laid the founda- 
tion of Virginia's wealth. Hugh Drysdale, Lieutenant-Governor 
(1722-26), was strongly opposed to the introduction of slavery into 
the colony. Commissary James Blair (1655-1743), President of 
Council (1740-41), was born in Scotland. Robert Dinwiddle, born 
in Glasgow in 1693, was Governor from 1751 to 1758. He recom- 



34 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

mended the annexation of the Ohio Valley and so secured that great 
territory to the United States. To him is also due the credit of calling 
George Washington to the service of his country. Dinwiddle county 
is named after him. John Campbell, Earl of Loudon (1705-82), 
Governor (1756-58), does not appear to have come to this colony. 
John Blair, Governor (1768), son of Dr. Archibald Blair and nephew 
of Rev. James Blair, the Commissarj'. Many of his descendants have 
distinguished themselves in the annals of Virginia. John Murray, 
fourth Earl of Dunmore, Governor (1771-75), was previously Gov- 
ernor of New York. Patrick Henry (1736-99), Governor (1776-79, 
1784-86), was born in Hanover County, Virginia, of Scottish paren- 
tage, his father being a native of Aberdeen, his grandmother a cousin 
of William Robertson the historian. He became a law3'er in 1760 and 
in 1763 found his opportunity, when having been employed to plead 
against an unpopular tax, his great eloquence seemed suddenly to 
develop itself. This defence placed him at once in the front rank of 
American orators, and in 1765 he entered the Virginia House of 
Burgesses, immediately thereafter becoming leader in \^irginia of the 
political agitation which preceded the Declaration of Independence. 
On the passage of the Stamp Act his voice was the first that rose in a 
clear, bold call to resistance, and in Ma}', 1773, he assisted in procuring 
the passage of the resolution establishing a Committee of Correspond- 
ence for intercourse with the other colonies. In the Continental Con- 
gress which met in Philadelphia in 1774 he delivered a fiery and 
eloquent speech worthy of so momentous a meeting. In 1776 he car- 
ried the vote of the Virginia Convention for independence. He was 
an able administrator, a wise and far-seeing legislator, but it is as an 
orator that he will forever live in American historj'. William Fleming 
(1729-95), surgeon, soldier, and statesman, Councillor and Acting- 
Governor (1781), was born in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire. 

NoRxn Carolin.v. William Drummond, Governor of "Albemarle 
Count}' Colony" (i. e., North Carolina), was a native of Perthshire. 
a strenuous upholder of the rights of the people, and ranks as one of 
the earliest of .Vmerican patriots. He took a prominent part in 
"Bacon's Rebellion" in 1676, "an insurrection that was brought about 
by the insolence and pig-headedness of Sir William Berkeley, then 
Governor of Virginia," and was executed the same year. .' G;ihriel 
Johnston (1699-1752), Governor (1734-52), was born in Scotland, 
and held the Professorship of Oriental Languages in St. Andrews 
University before coming to the colonies. Johnston County is named 
after him.^^ Matthew Rowan was President of Council and Acting 
Govemor in 1753. Alexander Martin (1740-1807)^ was fourth and 
Acting Governor. 1782-84, and from 1789 to 1792. (Samuel Johnston 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 35 

(1733-1816), sixth Governor (1788-89), four years Senator, and 
Justice of the Supreme Court from 1800-1803. Bancroft says the 
movement for freedom was assisted by "the calm wisdom of Samuel 
Johnston, a native of Dundee, in Scotland, a man revered for his 
integrity, thoroughly opposed to disorder and revolution, if revolution 
could be avoided without yielding to oppression." 

South Carolina. Richard Kirk, Governor (1684). James Glen, 
born in Linlithgow in 1701, Governor (1743-56). Lord William 
Campbell, third brother of the fifth Duke of Argyll, Governor (1775). 
John Rutledge (1739-1800), brother of Edward Rutledge the Signer, 
was President of South Carolina (1776-78) and first Governor (1779- 
82). He was later a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, 
Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1789-91), 
Chief Justice of South Carolina (1791-95), and in 1795 appointed 
Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. 

Georgia. William Erwin or Ewen, born in England in 1775. John 
Houston, son of Sir Patrick Houston, one of the prime instigators and 
organizers of the Sons of Liberty (1774), was Governor in 1774-76, 
1778. His portrait was destroyed by fire during the Civil War. 
Houston County was named in his honor. Edward Telfair, bom in 
the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright in 1735 and died at Savannah in 1807. 
When the revolutionary troubles commenced he earnestly espoused 
the side of the colonies, and became known locally as an ardent advo- 
cate of liberty. He was regarded as the foremost citizen of his 
adopted state, and his death was deeply mourned throughout the state. 

Florida. George Johnstone, a member of the family of Johnstone 
of Westerhall, was nominal Governor of Florida when that colony 
was ceded by Spain to Great Britain in 1763. He was one of the 
Commissioners appointed by the British government to try and restore 
peace in America in 1778. 



SCOTS AND THE DECLARATION OF 
INDEPENDENCE 

Presbyterians in tlie Colonies, being dissenters, were untrammeled 
and free to speak their mind in defence of their country's right, and 
history shows that they did not fail their opportunity: the doctrine 
of passive obedience never finding favor with them, In the Colonies 
the Presbyterian ministers claimed equal rights, religious freedom, 
and civil liberty. Their teaching had great influence, particularly in 
the South, and Patrick Henry of Virginia, David Caldwell, Dr. 
Ephraim Brevard, Rev. Alexander Craighead (d. 1766), and James 
Hall of North Carolina, the two Rutledges and Tennant of South 
Carolina, William Murdoch of Maryland, James Wilson and Thomas 
Craighead of Pemisylvania, Witherspoon of New Jersey, Read and 
McKean of Delaware, Livingston of New York, and Thornton of 
New Hampshire, with their associates had prepared the people for 
the coming conflict. In Maryland the lower house of the General 
Assembly was a fortress of popular rights and of civil liberty. Its 
resolutions and messages, beginning in 1733, and in an uninterrupted 
chain until 1755 continually declared "that it is the peculiar right of 
his Majesty's subjects not to be liable to any tax or other imposition 
but what is laid on them by laws to which they themselves are a 
party." These principles were reiterated and recorded upon the jour- 
nals of every Assembly until 1771. The resolutions, addresses, and 
messages of the lower house during this period discuss with remark- 
able fullness and accuracy the fundamental principles of free gov- 
ernment, and most of them emanated from William Murdoch, born 
in Scotland (c. 1720). who was one of the leading spirits and the 
directing force of the discussion. He led in the resistance to the Stamp 
Act and in other ways he united his colony in solid resistance to the 
attempt to levy taxes and imposts without their consent. In May, 
1775, the General Synod of the Presbyterian Church met in Phila- 
delphia and issued its famous "Pastoral Letter," which was sent 
broadcast throughout the Colonies, urging the people to adhere to 
the resolutions of Congress, and to make earnest prayer to God for 
guidance in all measures looking to the defense of the country. This 
powerful letter was also sent to the legislature in every colony. 

36 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 2,1 

Adolphus in his "History of England from the Accession of George 
III. to the Conclusion of Peace in 1783," published in London in 1802, 
declared that the Synod and their circular was the chief cause which 
led the Colonies to determine on resistance. There is no question 
that from the Scots Presbyterians and their descendants came many 
of the leaders in the struggle for independence, as Bancroft has well 
pointed out in the following words: "The first voice publicly raised 
in America to dissolve all connection with Great Britain came not 
from the Puritans of New England, nor the Dutch of New York, nor 
the planters of Virginia, but from the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians." 
Joseph Galloway (1730-1803), the Loyalist, than whom, says Ford, 
"there could be no better informed witness," "held that the under- 
lying cause of the American Revolution was the activity and influence 
of the Presbyterian interest," and further, that "it was the Presby- 
terians who supplied the Colonial resistance a lining without which it 
would have collapsed." And Joseph Reed of Philadelpha, himself 
an Episcopalian, said: "The part taken by the Presbyterians in the 
contest with the mother country was indeed, at the time, often made 
a ground of reproach, and the connection between their efforts for 
the security of religious liberty and opposition to the oppressive meas- 
ures of Parliament, was then distinctly seen. A Presbyterian loyalist 
was a thing unheard of." Parker, the historian, quotes a writer who 
says : "When the sages of America came to settle the forms of our 
government, they did but copy into every constitution the simple ele- 
ments of representative republicanism, as found in the Presbyterian 
system. It is a matter of history that cannot be denied, that Presby- 
terianism as found in the Bible and the standards of the several 
Presbyterian churches, gave character to our free institutions." 
Ranke, the German historian, declared that "Calvin was the founder 
of the American Government ;" and Gulian C. Verplanck of New 
York, in a public address, traced the origin of our Declaration of 
Independence to the National Covenant of Scotland. Chief Justice 
Tilghman (1756-1827) stated that the framers of the Constitution 
of the United States were through the agency of Dr. Witherspoon 
much indebted to the standards of the Presbyterian Church of Scot- 
land in molding that instrument. 



SCOTS AS SIGNERS OF THE DECLARATION OF 
INDEPENDENCE 

Of the fifty-six Signers of the Declaration of Independence, no less 
than nine can be claimed as directly or indirectly of Scottish origin. 
Edward Rutledge (1749-1800), the youngest Signer, was a son of 
Dr. John Rutledge who emigrated from Ulster to South Carolina in 
1735. The Rulledges were a small Border clan in Roxburghshire. 
\\'illiam Hooper (1742-1790), was the son of a Scottish minister, 
who was born near Kelso and died in Boston in 1767. Hooper early 
displayed marked literary ability and entered Harvard University 
when fifteen years of age. At twenty-six he was one of the leading 
lawyers of the colony of North Carolina. George Ross (1730-79), 
was also of Scottish parentage. His nephew's wife, Elizabeth (Gris- 
com) Ross (1752-1832), better known as "Betsy Ross," was maker 
of the first national flag. Matthew Thornton (1714-1803), the dis- 
tinguished New Hampshire statesman and physician, was brought to 
this country from the north of Ireland by his father when about three 
years of age. He accompanied the expedition against Louisburg in 
1745, was President of the Provincial Convention in 1775 and Speaker 
in Januar>', 1776. In September, 1776, he was elected to Congress, 
and in November following signed the Declaration of Independence, 
although he had not been one of the framers. Thomas McKean 
(1734-1817), was a great-grandson of William McKean of Argyll- 
shire who moved to Ulster about the middle of the seventeenth cen- 
tury. He was a member of Congress from Delaware (1774-83). Chief 
Justice of Penn,sylvania {\777-99), and Governor of the state from 
1799 to 1808. George Taylor (1716-81), described as the son of a 
clergj'man and "born in Ireland," was most probably an Ulster Scot. 
He was a member of the Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania from 
1764 to 1770 and again in 1775. James Wilson (1742-1798), whose 
fame was to become as wide and lasting as the nation, was born in 
St. Andrews, the old university city of Fifeshire. He was a Delegate 
to Congress from Pennsylvania in 1776, Member of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1787, and Associate Justice of the United States 
Supreme Court from 1789 till his death. He strongly advocated inde- 
pendence as the only possible means of escape from the evils which 

38 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 39 

had brought the various commonwealths into such a state of turmoil 
and dissatisfaction. Philip Livingston (1716-1778), grandson of 
Robert Livingston, the first of the American family of the name, was 
Member of Congress from New York in 1776. "His life was dis- 
tinguished for inflexible rectitude and devotion to the interests of his 
country." 

Last but greatest of all to be mentioned is the Rev. John Wither- 
spoon (1722-94). Born m Yester, Scotland, educated in Edinburgh, 
minister in Paisley, he was called in 1768 to be President of the 
College of New Jersey, now Princeton University. He said he had 
"become an American the moment he landed." He took an active 
part in the public affairs of the colony of New Jersey, and in the 
convention which met to frame a constitution he displayed great 
knowledge of legal questions and urged the abolition of religious 
tests. In June, 1776, he was elected to the Continental Congress, and 
in the course of the debates he displayed little patience with those 
who urged half measures. When John Dickinson of Pennsylvania 
said the country was not ripe for independence, Witherspoon broke 
in upon the speaker exclaiming, "Not ripe, Sir! In my judgment we 
are not only ripe, but rotting. Almost every colony has dropped from 
its parent stem and your own province needs no more sunshine to 
mature it." He further declared that he would rather be hanged 
than desert his country's cause. One of his sons was killed at the 
battle of Germantown. 



SCOTS IN THE PRESIDENCY 

Of the tweiUy-iiiiie Presidents of the United States five (Monroe, 
Grant, Hayes, Rooseveh, and Wilson) are of Scottish descent, and 
four (omitting Jackson who has been also claimed as Scottish by some 
writers) are of Ulster Scot descent, namely, Polk, Buchanan, Arthur, 
and McKinley. Jackson may possibly have been of Ulster Scot 
descent as his father belonged to Carrickfergus while his .mother's 
maiden name, Elizabeth Hutchins, or Hutchinson, is Scottish. She 
came of a family of linen weavers. Benjamin Harrison might also 
have been included as he had some Scottish (Gordon) blood. His 
wife, Caroline Scott Harrison, was of Scottish descent. 

James Monroe, fifth President, was descended from Andrew Mon- 
roe, who emigrated from Scotland in the middle of the seventeenth 
century. President Grant was a descendant of Matthew Grant, who 
came from Scotland to Dorchester, Mass., in 1630. George Hayes, 
ancestor of Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth President, was a Scot 
who .settled in Windsor prior to 1680. Theodore Roosevelt was Dutch 
on his father's side and Scottish on his mother's. His mother was 
descended from James Bulloch, born in Scotland about 1701, who 
emigrated to Charleston, c. 1728, and founded a family which became 
prominent in the annals of Georgia. Woodrow Wilson's paternal 
grandfather, James Wilson, came from county Down in 1807. His 
mother, Janet (or Jessie) Woodrow, was a daughter of Rev. Thomas 
Woodrow, a native of Paisley, Scotland. James Knox Polk, eleventh 
President, was a great-great-grandson of Robert Polk or Pollok. who 
came from Ayrshire through Ulster. Many kinsmen of President Polk 
have distinguished themselves in the annals of this country. James 
Buchanan, fifteenth President, was of Ulster Scot parentage. Chester 
Alan Arthur, twenty-first President, was the son of a Belfast minister 
of Scottisli descent. William McKinley, twenty-fifth President, was 
descended from David McKinley, an Ulster Scot, born about 1730, 
and his wife, Rachel Stewart. The surmane McKinley in Ireland 
occurs only in Ulster Scot territory. 



40 



SCOTS AS VICE-PRESIDENTS 

Of the Vice-Presidents of the United States six at least were of 
Scottish or Ulster Scot descent. 

John Caldwell Calhoun (1782-1850), of Scottish descent on both 
sides. Previous to becoming Vice-President he was Secretary of War 
in Monroe's cabinet, and later was Secretary of State in the cabinet 
of President Tyler. He was one of the chief instruments in securing 
the annexation of Texas. George Mifflin Dallas (1792-1864), son of 
Alexander James Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury, was Minister to 
Russia in 1837-39, and subsequent to his Vice-Presidency was Minister 
to Great Britain (1856-61). John Cabell Breckenridge (1821-75), of 
direct Scottish descent, was Vice-President from 1857-61, candidate 
for President in 1860, Major-General in the Confederate Army (1862- 
64), and Confederate Secretary of War (1864-65). Henry Wilson 
(1812-75), of Ulster Scot descent, had a distinguished career as 
United States Senator before his election to the Vice-Presidency (1873- 
75). His original name was Jeremiah Jones Colbraith (i. e., Gal- 
braith). He was also a distinguished author, his most important 
work being the "History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in 
America" (1872-75). Thomas Andrews Hendricks (1819-85), who 
held the Vice- Presidency only for a few months (March to November, 
1885), was of Scottish descent on his mother's side. Adlai Ewing 
Stevenson (1835-1914) was Member of Congress from Illinois (1875- 
77^, and First Assistant Postmaster-General (1885-89), previous to 
becoming Vice-President (1893-97). 



41 



SCOTS AS CABINET OFFICERS 

War. William Harris Crawford (1772-1834), descended from 
David Crawford, who came from Scotland to Virginia, c. 1654. Sec- 
retary of War \ 161 5-16), Secretarj' of the Treasury (1816-25), 
and save for an unfortiniate attack of paralysis, would have been Presi- 
<lent in 1824. He was also United States Senator from Georgia (1807- 
13) and Minister to France (1813-15). John Bell (1797-1869), 
Secretary (1841), Senator (1847-59), and candidate of the Consti- 
tutional Union Party for President in 1860, was probably of Scottish 
descent. George Washington Crawford, Secretary of War, was also 
Govenior of Georgia. Simon Cameron (1799-1889), of Scottish 
parentage or descent, Senator (1845-49), Secretary of War in cabinet 
of Lincoln (1861-62), United States Minister to Russia (1862-63), 
and again Senator (1866-77). James Donald Cameron (1833-1918), 
son of the preceding, was Secretary under Grant for a year and United 
States Senator from 1877 to 1897. Daniel Scott Lamont (1851-1905), 
journalist and Secretary under Cleveland, was of Ulster Scot origin. 

Treasury. George Washington Campbell (1768-1848), Secretary 
(1814). was also Minister to Russia (1810-20). Alexander James 
Dallas (1759-1817), Secretary (1814-16), was the son of a Scottish 
fihysician. Dr. Robert C. Dallas. During 1815-16 he also discharged 
the functions of Secretary' of War. Had a distinguished career as a 
statesman. I-ouis McLane (1776-1857), son of Allen McLane, a Revo- 
lutionary soldier and Speaker of the Legislature of Delaware, had a 
distinguished career as Senator from Delaware (1827-29), Minister 
to Great Britain (1829-31), Secretary of the Treasury (1831-33), and 
Secretary of State (1833-34). His son, Robert Milligan McLane 
(1815-98), had a distinguished career as a diplomat. James Guthrie 
(1792-1869), Secretary in the cabinet of President Pierce (1853-57). 
Thomas Ewing (1789-1871), was L^nited States Senator from Ohio 
(1831-37), Secretary of the Treasury (1841), Secretary of the In- 
terior (1849-50). He traced his descent from Findlay Ewing, a native 
of Loch Tx)mond, who distinguished himself in the Revolution of 1688 
under William of Orange. Hugh McCulloch (1808-95), descended 
from Hugh McCulloch, Bailie of Dornoch. Sutherlandshire. was 
Comptroller of the Currency (1863-65), Secretary of the Treasury 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 43 

(1865-69, 1884-85). He funded the National Debt during his first 
term as Secretary. Charles Foster (1825-1904), Governor of Ohio 
(1880-84), was Secretary of the Treasury from 1891 to 1893. Frank- 
lin MacVeagh (b. 1837), of Scottish ancestry, also held the office 
under President Taft. 

Interior. Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart (b. 1807), Secretary 
in President Fillimore's cabinet, was son of Archibald Stuart, a Scot 
who fought in Revolutionary War. Thomas Ewing is already referred 
to (under Treasury). Samuel Jordan Kirkwood, Secretary of the 
Interior under Garfield, was also three times Governor of Iowa. 

Navy. Benjamin Stoddert (1751-1813), Secretary (1798-1801). 
was grandson of a Scot. William Alexander Graham (1804-75), 
Secretary (1850), Vi'as also Governor of North Carolina. He project- 
ed the expedition to Japan under Commodore Perry. James Cochrane 
Dobbin (1814-57). Paul Morton (1857-1911), Secretary (1904-05), 
was said lo be descended from Richard Morton, a blacksmith and iron- 
master of Scottish birth, who came to America about the middle of the 
eighteenth century. 

State. James Gillespie Blaine (1830-93), Secretary (1881, 1889- 
92) and unsuccessful candidate for President in 1884. John Hay 
(1838-1905), one of the ablest Secretaries of State (1898-1905) this 
country ever had, was also of Scottish descent. He also held several 
diplomatic posts in Europe (1865-70), culminating in Ambassador to 
Great Britain (1897-98). 

Agriculture. James Wilson (1835-1920), Secretary (1897-1913) 
under McKinley, Roosevelt, and Taft, was born in Ayrshire, Scot- 
land. He was Regent of Iowa State University, and in 1891 was elected 
to the chair of Practical Agriculture in the College of Agriculture and 
Director of the State Experiment Stations. He was wonderfully 
successful in the expansion and administration of the "most useful 
public department in the world." 

Labor. William Bauchop Wilson, born in Blantj're, near Glasgow, 
Scotland, in 1862, Secretary- Treasurer of the United Mine Workers 
of America (1900-09); Member of Congress (1907-13), and Chair- 
man of the Committee on Labor in the sixty-second Congress, Secre- 
tary of Labor (1913). 

Postmaster-General. The first postal service in the Colonies was 
organized by Andrew Hamilton, a native of Edinburgh, who obtained 
a patent for a postal scheme from the British Crovi-n in 1694. 
A memorial stone on the south-west corner of the New York 
Post Office at Thirty-third Street commemorates the fact. John 
Maclean (1785-1861), Postmaster-General from 1823 to 1829, was 



44 SCOTLANDS MARK OX AMERICA 

later Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court of Ohio, 
and unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Presi- 
dent in 1856 and again in 1860. He took part in the famous Dred Scott 
case, in which he dissented from Taney, maintaining that slavery had 
its origin merely in power and was against right. James Campbell 
(1812-93), of Ulster Scot parentage, Postmaster-General in the cabinet 
of President Pierce, made a record by reducing the rate of postage and 
introducing the registr>' system. Montgomery Blair (1813-83) was 
Postmaster-General in the cabinet of President Lincoln. Adlai Ewing 
Stevenson, Assistant Postmaster-General, later became Vice-President. 



SCOTS IN THE SENATE 

John Ewing Colhoun (1749-1802), Member of State Legislature of 
South Carolina and Senator from the same state (1801), was of the 
same family as John C. Calhoun. George Logan (1753-1821), a man 
of high scientific attainments, grandson of James Logan, Quaker Gov- 
ernor of Pennsylvania, went to France in 1798 with the design of 
averting war with that country. Senator from Pennsylvania (1801-07). 
John Rutherfurd (1760-1840) was grandson of Sir John Rutherfurd 
of Edgerston, Scotland. James Brown (1766-1835), Senator and 
Minister-Plenipotentiary to France, was of Scottish descent. Jacob 
Burnet (1770-1853), Jurist and Senator, was the grandson of a Scot. 
His father, William Burnet (1730-91), was a skilful physician and 
Member of Congress. John Leeds Kerr (1780-1844), lawyer and 
Senator, was the son of James Kerr of IMonreith. Alexander Camp- 
bell (1779-1857), Senator, was of Argjdlshire descent. Walter Lowrie 
(1784-1868), Senator (1819-35) and thereafter Secretary of the Sen- 
ate for twelve years, was born in Edinburgh. His four sons all be- 
came prominent in law and theology. Simon Cameron (1799-1889), 
grandson of a Cameron who fought at Culloden. His ancestor emi- 
grated to America soon after the '45 and fought under Wolfe 
against the French at Quebec. Simon Cameron was also for a time 
Secretary of War in Lincoln's Cabinet and Minister to Russia. He 
named his residence at Harrisburg "Lochiel." His brother James 
was Colonel of the New York Volunteers, the 79th Highlanders, in 
the Civil War. James Donald Cameron (b. 1833), son of Simon 
Cameron, was President of the Northern Central Railroad of Pennsyl- 
vania (1863-74), Secretary of War Under General Grant, and Sena- 
tor from Pennsylvania. Charles E. Stuart (1810-87), Lawyer and 
Senator, was a descendant of Daniel Stuart who came to America 
before 1680. Stephen Arnold Douglas (1813-61), Senator and un- 
successful candidate of the Democratic party for the Presidency in 
1860, was of Scottish origin. Joseph Ewing MacDonald (1819-91), 
who held a foremost place among constitutional lawyers and was 
Democratic candidate for Governor of Indiana in 1864, was of Scot- 
tish ancestry. Francis Montgomery Blair (1821-75), a descendant of 
Commissary Blair of Virginia, was Senator from Missouri (1871-73), 

45 



46 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

and Democratic candidate for \ice-President in 1868. James Burnie 
Beck (1822-90), born in Dumfriesshire, was Member of Congress 
(1867-75) and Senator from 1876 to 1890. He served on many 
important committees. Joseph Mcllvaine (1765-1826), United States 
Senator from 1823 to 1826, was grandson of a Scot. His father 
fought on the Colonial side in tlie RcvoUition. Randall Lee Gibson 
(1822-92), of Scottish ancestry, Major-General in the Confederate 
.Army during the Civil War, was United States Senator from Louis- 
iana from 188.3 till his death. His grandfather, Randall Gibson, was 
one of the founders of Jefferson College, Mississippi. John Brown 
Gordon (1832-1904), Lieutenant-General in the Confederate Army, 
thirty-fifth Governor of Georgia and United States Senator, was 
grandson of a Scot. Marcus Alonzo Hanna (1837-1904) was also 
partly Scottish descent. Calvin Stewart Brice (1845-1898), Chairman 
of the Democratic Campaign Committee (1888) and Senator from Ohio 
(1891-97), claimed descent from Bruce of Kinnaird. Daniel Hugh 
McMillan (b. 1846), was much identified with the welfare of Buf- 
falo. His grandfather was "John the L^pright," arbiter of the Hol- 
landers of the Mohawk Valley during the latter part of the eighteenth 
century. Alexander McDonald (d. 1903), Senator from Arkansas 
(1868-71), was the son of John McDonald who came to the United 
States in 1827, and was one of the first to discover and develop bitu- 
, minous coal mines on the west branch of the Susquehanna River in 
Pennsylvania. John Lcndrum Mitchell (1842-1904), grandson of John 
Mitchell, farmer of Aberdeenshire, was State Senator of Wisconsin, 
Member of Congress from Wisconsin (1891-93), and Senator from 
the same state ( 1893-99), was also noted as a capitalist. Samuel James 
Renwick MacMillan (d. 1897), Chairman of the Committee of Com- 
merce, was of Covenanting descent. 



SCOTS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

Only a very few names of Members of Congress of Scottish birth or 
descent can be dealt with here. Some additional names will be found 
in other sections of this work. William Houston (b. about 1755), 
son of Sir Patrick Houston, was a Member of the Continental Con- 
gress. John Morin Scott (1730-84), grandson of the second son of 
Sir John Scott of Ancrum was Brigadier-General of New York State 
troops at the Battle of Long Island and Member of Congress from 
1779 to 1783. William Burnet (1730-91), of Scottish parentage, 
physician and Member of Congress. Among his sons the following 
are worthy of notice: Dr. William Burnet of New Jersey, Major 
Ichabod Burnet of Georgia, Jacob Burnet, pioneer of Ohio, and David 
G. Burnet, Provisional President of the Republic of Texas. William 
Crawford (1760-1823), Member of Congress from 1809 to 1817, was 
born in Paisley. William Fitzhugh Gordon (1787-1858), Member 
from Virginia (1829-35), of Scottish descent, is said to have been the 
originator of the Sub-Treasury system. The town of Gordonsville, 
Virginia, was named after him or after his family. Leonidas Felix 
Livingston (b. 1832), grandson of Adam Livingston from Scotland, 
who served in the Revolutionary War, was a Member of the Georgia 
Legislature and Member of Congress. John Louis Macdonald (b. 
1838), newspaper editor. State Senator, etc., was born in Glasgow. 
James Buchanan (b. 1839) of Scottish descent, was Member from 
New Jersey to 49th, 50th, 51st and 52nd Congress. David Bremner 
Henderson (1840-1906), born at Old Deer, Aberdeenshire, served in 
the Civil War and lost a leg at Corinth, was Member from Iowa 
(1880-99), and Speaker of the House of Representatives (1899-1906). 
William Grant Laidlaw, born near Jedburgh, Scotland, in 1840, served 
in the Civil War and was Member of Congress from 1887 to 1891. 
John Edgar Reyburn (b. 1845), Member State Senate of Pennsylvania, 
Member of Congress 1890-1907; and James Fleming Stewart (1851- 
1904), were both of Scottish descent. 



47 



SCOTS IN THE JUDICIARY 

As with the medical and theological professions the legal has 
shared the dominating influence of Scotland, and indeed it is perhaps 
not too much to say that much of the distinctive character of Ameri- 
can jurisprudence is due to the influence of men of Scottish blood 
at the bench and bar. The second Chief Justice of the United States 
Supreme Court (John Rutledge) and two of the four original Asso- 
ciate Justices, Blair and Wilson, were of Scottish origin. The mother 
of John Marshall, the great Chief Justice, was of Scottish origin 
(Keith). Of fift>' judges of the United States Supreme Court from 
1789 to 1S82, at least fifteen were of Scottish birth or descent. We 
have space here to deal with only a selection of the most prominent 
names. 

.Andrew Kirkpatrick (1756-1831). Chief Justice of New Jersey for 
twenty-one years, whose "decisions especially those on realty mat- 
ters, show a depth of research, a power of discrimination, and a just- 
ness of reasoning which entitle him to rank among the first Ameri- 
can jurists," was of Scottish parentage, descended from the Kirk- 
patricks of Dumfriesshire. His son, also named Andrew, was Presi- 
dent Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Essex County (1885-96) 
and United States District Judge (1896-1904). George Robertson 
(1790-1874), Chief Justice of Kentucky (1829-43), "whose name 
stands first in the list of great men who have occupied and adorned 
the Appellate bench of Kentucky," and who declined the offer of the 
governorship of Arkansas, was of Scottish ancestry. Robert Cooper 
Grier (1794-1870), Associate Justice of the Superior Court of Con- 
necticut (1846-70) was of same origin. Eugenius Aristides Nisbet 
(1803-71), descended from Murdoch Nisbet, a Lollard of Kyle, after 
a brilliant career in the state legislature became Chief Justice of the 
Supreme Court of Georgia. Thomas Todd (1765-1826), Associate 
Justice of the Supreme Court (1807-26). The first Chief Justice of 
Delaware, William Killen (1722-1805), was bom in the north of Ire- 
land of Scottish parentage. John J. Milligan (1795-1875), grandson 
of a Scottish emigrant from Ayrshire, was Associate Justice of Dela- 
ware, and refused, on account of ill health, the portfolio of Secretary 
of the Interior in the cabinet of President Fillimore. Ellis Lewis 

48 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 49 

(1798-1871), Chief Justice of the Supreme Cou/t of Pennsylvania 
(1855-57) was of Scottish descent. Alexander Addison (1759-1807), 
born in Scotland, became President Judge of the fifth judicial district 
of Pennsylvania under the constitution of 1770. Robert Hunter 
Morris, Lieutenant-Governor of Pennsylvania, was Chief Justice of 
New Jersey for twenty-one years. John McLean (1785-1861), As- 
sociate Justice, is noticed under Scots in the Presidential Cabinet ; and 
William Paterson, Associate Justice (1793-1806), is mentioned under 
Colonial Governors. Samuel Nelson (1792-1873), Associate Justice 
of the Supreme Court, was of Ulster Scot descent. "His decisions 
have stood the test of time and the searching analysis of the most 
able lawyers." Thomas Douglas (1790-1853), first Chief Justice of 
Florida, was of Scots ancestry. William Wallace Campbell (1806- 
81). great-grandson of an Ulster Scot, was distinguished as a jurist 
and as a historian of New York State. He was author of Annals 
of Tryon County (1831), Border Warfare of New York (1849), Life 
and IVritings of De Witt Clinton (1849), etc. During a visit to Scot- 
land in 1848 he was elected an honorary member of the Clan Campbell 
at a great gathering at Inveraray. Thomas Drummond (1809-90), 
grandson of a Scot from Falkirk, was Justice of the Illinois Supreme 
Court. John Archibald Campbell (1811-89), zA.ssociate Justice of the 
Supreme Court (1853-61), was Assistant Secretary of War in the 
Confederate Cabinet, and in 1865 took part in the "Hampton Roads 
Conference." John Wallace Houston (1841-95), Associate Justice 
of the Supreme Court of Delaware, was of Scots descent. His ances- 
tors first settled in New York city, and Houston Street is named after 
one of them. Other Associate Justices of Delaware of Scottish de- 
scent are Charles Mason CuUen (1829-1903), and George Gray (b. 
1840), Attorney-General (1879-85), United States Sepator, Member 
of the Russo-Japanese Peace Commission of 1898, and Member of 
the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission of 1902. James Gilfillan 
(1829-94), born at Bannockburn, Stirlingshire, "a profound scholar, 
and as a jurist was distinguished for his ability, firmness, and absolute 
impartiality." William Joseph Robertson (1817-98), born in Virginia 
of Scottish parents, was Judge of the Supreme Court of Virginia and 
Judge of the Supreme Court of Appeals (1859). Thomas Sloan Bell 
(1800-61), of Scottish parentage, became President Judge of the Ju- 
dicial District of the counties of Wayne, Pike, Carbon, and Monroe, 
in Pennsylvania, in 1855, and held many other important positions. 
Samuel Dana Bell, son of Samuel Bell, Governor of New Hampshire, 
was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Hampshire (1859- 
64). Matthew Hall McAllister (1800-65), for seveial years Mayor 
of Savannah, Georgia, afterwards United States Circuit Judge of 



so SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

California, LL. D. of Columbia University, was of Scottish ancestry. 
Thomas Ewing (1829-96), son of Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the 
Treasury, at the age of twenty-nine was elected first Chief Justice of 
the Supreme Court of Ohio. During the Civil War he took a con- 
spicuous part and rose to the rank of General. William Harper 
(1790-1847), bom in Antigua, Leeward Islands, of Scottish parents, 
was Chancellor of the University of South Carolina (1828-30, 1835- 
47) and Judge of the Court of Appeals of South Carolina (1830-35). 
John Bannister Gibson (1780-1853), Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, 
was of Ulster Scot descent. Harry Innes (1752-1816), of Scottish 
parentage, was one of the Commissioners appointed to draft a con- 
stitution for Kentucky, being chosen by Washington because of his 
integrity. He was also appointed first Chief Justice of Kentucky but 
declined the office. John Buchanan (1772-1844), of Scottish ancestry, 
was Chief Justice of Maryland, and Chief Justice of the Court of 
Appeals for thirt>'-seven years. His brother, Thomas, was associated 
with him on the bench. David Torrance (1840-1906), Chief Justice of 
the Supreme Court of Connecticut, was born in Edinburgh. 



SCOTS AS AMBASSADORS 

Some of those who have represented this country at foreign courts 
previously held office in the Cabinet or were Members of the Senate 
are noted under these headings : 

John Graham (1774-1820), Minister- Plenipotentiary to Brazil 
(1819), was brother of George Graham, Acting Secretary of War in 
the cabinets of Madison and Monroe. Charles Johnston McCurdy 
(b. 1797), of Ulster Scot descent, was Minister to Austria (1851-52) 
and Justice of the Supreme Court. Miller Grieve (1801-78), born In 
Edinburgh, Representative in the Georgia Legislature, Chairman of 
Board of Trustees of Oglethorpe University, was Charge d'Affaires 
at Copenhagen. William Hunter (1774-1849), of Scottish parentage, 
a scholar and linguist. United States Senator from Rhode Island 
(1812-20), was Minister-Plenipotentiary to Brazil in 1834. William 
Bradford Reed (1806-76) was Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister- 
Plenipotentiary to China. Lewis Davis Campbell (1811-82), Chairman 
Ways and Means Committee in the thirty-fourth Congress, was United 
States Minister to Mexico. Robert Milligan McLane (1815-98), son 
of Allen McLane, was United States Minister to Qiina (1853-55), 
Mexico (1859-60), and France (1885-88). John M. Forbes (d. 
1831), descendant of the Scottish fatnily of Forbes, was Secretary 
of Legation to Buenos Ayres (1823) and Charge d'Affaires (1825- 
31). James Hepburn Campbell (1820-95) Member of Congress and 
Minister to Sweden and Norway (1864-67). John Adam Kasson 
(1822-1910), descendant of Adam Kasson (1721) from Argyllshire, 
had a distinguished career, the list of honors held by him is long. 
Whitelaw Reid (1837-1912), one of the half dozen most distinguished 
representatives of this country abroad was of Scottish descent on both 
sides. Wayne MacVeagh (b. 1833), of Scottish origin, was United 
States Minister to Turkey (1870-71), Ambassador to Italy (1893- 
97), and was also Attorney-General under President Garfield. 
Thomas Barker Ferguson (b. 1841), diplomat and inventor, was 
great-grandson of James Ferguson who emigrated from Scotland at 
end of seventeenth century. He was Commissioner of Fish and Fish- 
eries (1878-87). Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister-Plenipotentiary 
to Sweden and Norway (1893-97), etc. His grandfather was a 

51 



52 SCOTLAND'S MARK OX AMERICA 

McK-ix: oi ihe Suuih Carolina Provincial Legislature and Member 
of the Council of Safety. Whiteside Godfrey Hunter, born in Lon- 
donderry in 1841, of Scottish ancestry, was a Member of Congress and 
Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister-Plenipotentiary to Guatemala and 
Honduras. Richard Renshaw Neill (b. 1845), was Secretary of 
I'nited States Legation at Lima, Peru, and has been Charge d'Affaires 
there eight different times. Hugh Anderson Dinsmore (b. 1850), of 
Ulster Scot origin, was Minister Resident and Consul General in Corea 
(1887-90) and later Member of Congress (1892-1906). John Wallace 
Riddle (b. 1864), held several diplomatic posts culminating in becom- 
ing .Ambassador to Russia (1906-09). Thomas Cleland Dawson 
(b. 1865), son of a native of Clackmannan, was Secretary of the 
American Legation to Brazil (1897-1904), Minister Resident and 
Consul General to Santo Domingo (1904), and author of "South 
American Republics," a standard work (2 v. 1903-4). George Brin- 
ton McGellan Harvey the present Ambassador to Great Britain is 
descended from Stuart Harvey who came from Scotland in 1820. 



SCOTS AS STATE GOVERNORS 

Maine. Robert Pinckney Dunlap (1794-1859), eighth governor, 
and Hugh Johnston Anderson (1801-81), fourteenth Governor (1844- 
47), were of Ulster Scot descent. Abner Coburn (1803-85), twenty- 
fourth Governor, was also most probably of Scottish or Ulster Scot 
descent. 

New Hampshire. Jeremiah Smith, fourth Governor (1809-10), 
was of Ulster Scot parentage. His son, of the same name, was an 
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the state. Samuel Bel' 
(1770-1850), a descendant of one of the Ulster Scot settlers of 1718, 
was three times elected Governor (1819-23) with little or no opposi 
tion. John Bell (1765-1836), his brother, was thirteenth Governor 
(1828-29). Joseph Morrill Harper (1789-1865), who served as acting 
Governor in 1831, was of Ulster Scot descent. Samuel Dinsmoor 
(1766-1835), sixteenth Governor (1831-33), a distinguished factor 
in the history of his state, was of Ulster Scot descent on both sides. 
His eldest son (1799-1869), also named Samuel, served as twenty- 
fourth Governor (1849-52). Noah Martin (1801-63), of Ulster Scot 
descent on both sides, was the twenty-fifth Governor.. Charles Henry 
Bell (1823-93), son of Governor John Bell, was forty-tirst Governor 
of the state. John Butler Smith, forty-seventh Governor (1893-95), 
was a descendant of one of the settlers of 1718. John McLane (1852- 
1911) fiity-seventh Ciovernor (1905-06), was born in Lenno.xtown, 
Scotland. He was host at the Russian-Japanese Conference at Ports- 
mouth. 

Vermont. Charles James Bell, fiftieth Governor (1905), was de- 
scended from one of the Londonderry, N. H., settlers of 1718. John 
VVolcott Stewart, thirty-third Governor (1870-72), was descended 
from Robert Stewart who went from Edinburgh to Londonderry, Ire- 
land, and whose son was one of those who emigrated from there to 
Londonderry. N. H., in 1718. His grandfather fought in the Revolu- 
tionary War. 

Massachusetts. William Claflin (1818-1905), twenty-third Gov- 
ernor, was a descendant of one of the Scots prisoners taken at the 
battle of Dunbar in 1650. 

Rhode Island. General Ambrose E. Burnside (1824-81), Gov- 

53 



54 SCOTL.\ND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

emor (1867-69). William Gregory (1849-1901), forty-second Gov- 
ernor ( 1900-01), was of direct Scottish descent. 

Co.NNECTicuT. George Payne McLean, forty-first Governor (1901- 
03), was of Scottish descent. 

Delaware. Charles Polk (1788-1857). thirteenth Governor (1827- 
30), and President of the Constitutional Convention of his state in 
1831, was of LHster Scot descent. John P. Cochran (1809-98), 
twenty-sixth Governor (1875-79), was of the same origin. 

Pennsvlvama. Thomas McKean, Governor (1799-1808), is al- 
ready noticed under Signers of the Declaration of Independence. Wil- 
liam Findlay (1768-1846), fourth Governor (1817-20), of Ulster Scot 
de.'Jcent. was also United States Senator and Treasurer of the Mint 
at Philadelphia. William Freame Johnston (1802-72), Governor from 
1848 to 1852. was of Scottish parentage. He did much to develop the 
oil region of Pennsylvania, and was also President of the Allegheny 
Valley Railroad. James Pollock (lSlO-90), Governor (1855-58). It 
was through his efforts that "In God we trust" was placed on the 
coinage. John White Gearj' (1819-73), Governor from 1867 to 1873, 
was of Ulster Scot descent. 

Maryland. John Francis Mercer (1759-1821). eleventh Governor 
1801-03). was a descendant of the Mercers of Aldie, Perthshire. 
Rohert Bowie (1749-1818), twelfth and fifteenth Governor (1803-06, 
1811-12). and Rohert Milligan McLane (1815-98), forty-second Gov- 
ernor (1884-85). were of direct Scottish descent. Frank Brown, 
forty-fifih Governor (1892-96). was descended from Ahel Brown who 
emigrated from Dumfries, c. 1730. 

\'iKr,iNiA. James Barbour (1776-1842) was eleventh Governor 
(1812-14). Barbour County, Florida, was named in his honor. David 
Campbell (1779-1859). twenty-first Governor (1837-40), was of Scot- 
tish descent on both sides. Thomas Walker Gilmer (1802^M), twenty- 
second Governor (1840-41). was a descendant of the Scottish 
physician. Dr. George Gilmer. John Mercer Patton (1797-1858), 
Lieutenant-Governor and acting Governor (1841), was son of Robert 
Patton who emigrated from Scotland. His mother was a daughter 
of Gen. Hugh Mercer. John Rutherford (1792-1865), twenty-third 
Governor (1841-42), was most probably of Scottish descent. William 
Ewan Cameron, thirty-sixth Governor (1882-86) descended from the 
Rev. John Cameron, a graduate of Aberdeen University, who came 
to .Xmerica. c. 1770. Henry Carter Stuart (b. 1855), Governor (1914- 
18), descended from Archibald Stuart who Hed from Scotland for 
political rcisons and .settled in Virginia in 1726. 

Wi-ST Virginia. William Erskine Stevenson (1820-1883), second 
Cvcrnor (1869-71) was born of Ulster Scot parentage. William 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 55 

Alexander Mac Corkle (b. 1857), eighth Governor (1893-97) is ot 
Scottish descent. His grandfathers. Captain John MacCorkle and 
Captain John McNutt, fell at the battle of Cowpens, 1781. 

North Carolina. Nathaniel Alexander (1756-1808), thirteenth 
Governor (1805-07), was of Scottish descent. William Alexander 
Graham (1804-75), thirtieth Governor (1845-49), was son of Gen. 
Joseph Graham, a Revolutionary officer. He was also Secretary of 
the Navy in 1850, and projected the expedition to Japan under Com- 
modore Perry. Tod R. Caldwell (1818-74), fortieth Governor (1871- 
74), and Da^id Lindsay Russell, forty-eighth Governor (1897-1901), 
were both of direct Scottish descent. 

South Carolina. General William Moultrie, son of Dr. Moul- 
trie, was Governor in 1785-87 and 1794-96. Edward Rutledge, tenth 
Governor (1798-1800), is already noticed under the Signers of the 
Declaration of Independence. "No measure of importance was 
adopted by the legislature without his taking part in it, while many 
originated with himself." Andrew Pickens. (1779-1838), nineteenth 
Governor (1816-18), was a son of Andrew Pickens, the noted Revolu- 
tionary general. John Geddes (1777-1828), twentieth Governor 
(1818-20), was of Scottish descent. Stephen Decatur Miller (1787- 
1838), twenty-fifth Governor (1828-30), also served as United States 
Senator. George McEHiffie (1790-1851), twenty-eighth Governor, the 
greatest orator and statesman of Georgia, was of Scottish parentage on 
both sides. McDuffie County in Georgia is so named in his honor. 
Patrick Noble (1787-1840), thirtieth Governor (1838-40), was grand- 
son of an Ulster Scot immigrant. Robert Kingston Scott (1826-1900), 
forty-fifth Governor (1868-72), was the grandson or great-grandson 
of a refugee from Culloden. 

Georgia. David Brodie Mitchell (1766-1837), ninth Governor 
(1809-11, 1815-17), was bom in Scotland. He was described as "a 
conscientious, cultured, and conservative man, of great energy, public 
spirit, and animated by the purest patriotism." George Mcintosh 
Troup (1780-1856), the "Hercules of State Rights," fourteenth Gov- 
ernor (1823-27), was of Scottish descent on both sides. He was one 
of Georgia's most illustrious Chief Magistrates. A county in the state 
is named after him. John Forsyth (1780-1841), fifteenth Governor 
(1827-29). was also United States Secretary of State. George Rock- 
ingham Gilmer (1790-1859), sixteenth Governor (1829-31, 1837-39), 
was the grandson of a Scottish physician, Dr. George Gibner. He was 
also Member of Congress. He also wrote a work, "Georgians," 1855. 
containing much valuable matter relating to the early settlers of his 
state. Charles James McDonald (1793-1860), nineteenth Governor 



56 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

(1S3943), and George Washington Crawford (1798-1872), twentieth 
Governor (1843-47), were both of Scottish descent. James Johnson, 
twenty-fifth Governor (1861), was grandson of a Scottish immigrant. 
He rendered great service to his state in its reconstruction after the 
war. Alexander Hamilton Stephens (1812-83). grandson of an ad- 
herent of Prince Charles Edward, was Vice-President of the Con- 
federacy (1861-65), chief Confederate Commissioner in the Hampton 
Roads Conference in February, 1865, Member of Congress from 
Georgia (1873-82), Governor of the state (1883). and author of "The 
War Between the States" (1868-70) and of a "History of the United 
States" (1883). John Brown Gordon (1832-1904), thirty-fifth Gov- 
ernor (1886-90), was the great-grandson of one of seven brothers 
who emigrated from Scotland, all of whom served in the Revolution- 
ary Army. As Governor his administration was faultless, and the 
New York Sun declared his inauguration "worthy of Thimias JeflFer- 
son." 

Florid.a. Francis Philip Fleming (b. 1841), fourteenth Governor 
(1889-93), was of Scottish descent. Alexander Walker Gilchrist, 
nineteenth Governor (1909), a descendant of Nimrod Gilchrist, who 
came from Glasgow in 1750. 

Al.\b.\m.\. Israel Pickens (1780-1827), third Governor (1821- 
25), Democratic Member of Congress from North Carolina (1811- 
17), United States Senator (1826), was of Scottish descent. Reuben 
Chapman (1802-82), eleventh Governor (1847-49), was also of Scot- 
tish ancestry. Robert Miller Patton (1809-85), seventeenth Governor 
(1865-68), was I'lster Scot on his father's side and Scottish on liis 
mother's. Robert Burns Lindsay, born in Dumfriesshire in 1824, a 
linguist and a scholar, educated at the University of St. Andrews, was 
nineteenth Governor (1870-72). George Smith Houston (1811-79), 
twenty-first Governor, and Joseph F'omey Johnston (b. 1843), 
twenty-seventh Governor (1896-1900^. were both of Scottish descent. 

Tennessee. Joseph McMinn (d. 1824), fifth Governor (1815-21), 
was most probably of Scottish descent. Samuel Houston, seventh 
Governor (1827-28), is noticed under Texas. Neil S. Brown, four- 
teenth Governor (1847^9), was grandson of Angus Brown, a Scot 
who fought in the Revolutionary War under Gen. Francis Marion. 
William Bowen Campbell (1807-67), sixteenth Governor (1851-53), 
was .ilso of Scottish descent. Benton McMillin (b. 1845), Governor 
(1899-1903), Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister- Plenipotentiary to 
Peru in 1913, of Ulster Scot descent. 

Kentucky. John Adair (1797-1840), eighth Governor (1820-24). 
was of Scottish parentage. "His term was marked by great legisla- 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 57 

tive activity for the promotion of education in the state, and by 
the aboHtion of imprisonment for debt." The state library was founded 
under his auspices. Adair county was so named in his honor. John 
Breathitt (1786-1834), Lieutenant-Governor (1828-32), and eleventh 
Governor (1832-34), was the son of a Scottish emigrant. "A man of 
high character and his public career irreproachable." Breathitt county 
was named after him. James Fisher Robinson (1800-92), twenty- 
second Governor, was of English and Scottish descent. 

Ohio, Duncan McArthur (1772-1840), an early Governor (1830- 
32), was of Scottish ancestry. He also held the rank of General in 
the war of 1812. Jeremiah Morrow (1770-1852), Governor (1822- 
26), and Allen Trimble (1783-1870), Governor (1826-30), were both 
Ulster Scot descent. James E. Campbell (b. 1843), Governor (1890- 
92), was previously Member of Congress. James M. Cox (b. 1870), 
forty-sixth Governor (1913-15) is of Scottish ancestry. 

Indiana. Noah Noble, fifth Governor (1831-37), was grandson of 
a Scottish immigrant. David Wallace (1799-1859), sixth Governor 
(1837-40), and Samuel Bigger (1802-46), were also of Scottish an- 
cestry. Thomas Andrews Hendricks, Governor from 1873 to 1877, 
is already noticed under Vice-Presidents. 

Michigan. Robert McClelland (1807-80), Governor (1851-53), 
afterwards Secretary of the Interior; and Austin Blair (1814-94), war 
Governor, who sent over 83,000 soldiers from his state during the Civil 
War, were both of Scottish ancestry. 

Wisconsin. The mother of Henry Dodge, first and fourth Gov- 
ernor (1836-41, 1845-48), was Anne Nancy Hunter, of Ulster Scot 
parentage. William E. Smith (1824-83), thirteenth Governor (1878- 
82), was born in Scotland. 

Illinois. William Lee Davidson Ewing (1795-1846), Senator and 
acting Governor (1834), was of Ulster Scot descent. Joseph Duncan 
(1794-1844), fifth Governor (1834-38), who greatly encouraged edu- 
cation in his state, was of Scottish ancestry. John Lourie Beveridge 
(b. 1824) fifteenth Governor, was grandson of a Scot who came to the 
United States about 1770. His "administration was vigorous, just, 
and impartial." 

Mississippi. John J. McRae (1815-68), nineteenth Governor 
(1854-58), was of Scottish descent. William McWillie (1795-1869), 
twentieth Governor (1858-60), and Anselm Joseph McLaurin (b. 
1848), thirty-second Governor (1896-1900), were both grandsons of 
Scots. 

Louisiana. John McEnery (1833-91), nineteenth (unrecognized) 
Governor (1873), was of Scottish descent. Samuel Douglas jMcEnery 



58 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

(b. 1837). brother of the preceding, was twenty-second Governor 
(1881-88). John Newton Pharr (1829-1903), elected Governor in 1896 
but not seated on account of the negro question, was descended from 
Walter Pharr who came from Scotland in 1765. 

Missouri. Alexander McNair (1774-1826), first state Governor 
(1820-24). most probably was of Scottish birth or descent. Trusten 
Polk (1811-76), of same origin as President Polk, was eleventh Gov- 
ernor (1857). Benjamin Gratz Brown (1826-85), also of Scottish 
descent, was Governor from 1871 to 1873, and unsuccessful candidate 
for \ice- President in 1872. 

Iowa. John Chambers (1780-1852), second Governor of the terri- 
tory of Iowa, was of Scottish descent on both sides. James Wilson 
Grimes (1816-72), third Governor (1854-58), was of Ulster Scot de- 
scent. Samuel Jordan Kirkwood (1813-94), three times Governor of 
his state (1860-64, 1876-77), was descended from a brother of Captain 
Robert Kirkwood, a Delaware soldier of the Revohition. lie was also 
Secretary of the Interior under Garfield. John Henry Gear (1825- 
1900), eleventh Governor (1878-82), Assitsant Secretary of United 
States Treasury (1892-93), and Senator (1895-1900), was of Scottish 
ancestry. Albert Baird Cummins, eighteenth Governor, of Ulster Scot 
ancestry. 

Minnesota. Alexander Ramsey, first territorial and second state 
Governor (1849-53. 1860-64), was grandson of an Ulster Scot who 
served in the Revolutionary War. 

Nekraska. James E. Boyd (b. 1834), eighth Governor (1891-92), 
was born in county Tyrone of Ulster Scot ancestry. 

Kansas. John .Alexander Martin (1839-89), ninth Governor 
(1885-89), was of Ulster Scot descent. 

Texas. Samuel Houston (1793-1863) was a descendant of John 
Houston who settled in Philadelphia in 1689. Me was Member of 
Congress from Tennessee (1823-27). Governor of Tennessee (1827- 
28), and as Commander-in-chief of the Texans he defeated the Mexi- 
cans under Santa Anna in 1836 on the banks of the San Jacinto, and 
by this one blow achieved the independence of Texas. He was elected 
first President of the new republic in the same year, was re-elected in 
1841. and in 1859 was elected Governor of the state. Houston, the 
capital of Harris County. Texas, was named in his honor. Peter 
Han.sl)orough Bell (1812-98), third Governor (1849-53), was of Ul- 
ster Scot anccstrj'. as was also James Edward Fergiison (b. 1871). 
James Stei)hcn Hogg, nineteenth Governor and Thomas Mitchell 
Campbell, twenty-third Governor, were of Scottish descent. 

Coi-ORAtx). Edward Moody McCook. fifth and seventh Governor 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 59 

(1869-73, 1874-75), was of Scottish descent. He also served in the 
Civil War and attained the rank of Brigadier-General. James Ben- 
ton Grant, tenth Governor (1883-85), was grandson of a Scottish 
immigrant. Jesse Fuller McDonald, twenty-third Governor (1905-07), 
a descendant of James McDonald who emigrated from Scotland early 
in the eighteenth century and settled in Maine. 

Wyoming. Thomas Moonlight (1833-99), sixth territorial Gov- 
ernor (1887-90), was born in Forfarshire. 

Utah. Eli Houston Murray (b. 1841), Governor (1880-84), of 
Scottish ancestry. 

Idaho. John Henry Brady (b. 1862), eighth Governor (1910-11), 
is of Ulster Scot descent. David P. Thompson, ninth Governor of the 
state (1874-76), also of Ulster Scot descent, built the first railroad in 
Oregon, and was twice Mayor of Portland. 

South Dakota. Corie Isaac Crawford, sixth Governor (1907-08) 
is of Ulster Scot descent. 

California. John McDougall (1818-66) was Lieutenant-Governor 
(1849) and afterwards Governor. Peter Hardeman Burnett (b. 
1807) was first Governor of the state (1849-51). Both were of Scot- 
tish origin. 

Oregon. James Shields, first territorial Governor (1848), was born 
in Dungannon, County Tyrone, of Ulster Scot parentage. George 
Abernethy (1807-77), territorial Governor (1845-49), was born in 
New York city of Scottish parentage. "As a governor he was 
patriotic, efficient, and unselfish." 



SCOTS IN THE ARMY 

liEvniA-TioN. Alexander MacDougall (1731-86), born in Islay, 
successively Colonel. Brigadier-General, and Major-General in the 
Ktvolutionary War, and later Delegate to the Continental Congress 
in 17S0 and 1784, was described by Washington as "a brave soldier 
and distinguished patriot." Before the outbreak of the war he was 
a successful merchant, a leader of the "Sons of Liberty," and was the 
first American imprisoned for his utterances in behalf of independ- 
ence. Macdougal Street, New York city, commemorates his name. 
Robert Erskine (1735-1780), geographer and Chief of Engineers on 
tlie staff of Washington, was a son of Rev. Ralph Erskine of Dun- 
fermline. Washington erected a stone over his grave at Ringwood, 
New Jersey. Henry Knox (1750- 1806), General of Artillery and Sec- 
retary of War (1785-95). Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Clough An- 
derson (1750-1826) was grandson of a Scottish emigrant. General 
James Ewing (c. 1736-1806), of Ulster Scot descent, served in Brad- 
dock's campaign and also during the Revolution. General William 
Wirt Henry was descended from an Ulster Scot who came between 
1718 and 1722 to Massachusetts. General Richard Montgomery 
(1736-75), a descendant of the Montgomeries of Ayrshire, was killed 
while leading the attack on Quebec; and Major John Macpherson 
(1754-75), of Scots parentage, killed beside Montgomery, was the 
first soldier of prominence from Pennsylvania to be killed in the war. 
Bancroft calls him "the pure-minded, youthful enthusiast for liberty." 
Colonel Allan McLane (1746-1829), of Scottish origin, repeatedly re- 
ferred to in Dr. Weir Mitchell's "Hugh Wynne," was one of the 
"Rough Riders" who patrolled the country around Philadelphia to 
prevent provisions reaching the British troops in the city. His flight 
and escape from the British in one of these raids was the subject of a 
painting by James Peale. General Hugh Mercer (c. 1725-1777), born 
in Aberdeen, died of wounds received at the battle of Princeton, also 
scr\'ed with distinction in the Braddock and. Forbes campaigns in 
western Pennsylvania. His life was a strenuous one, full of exacting 
and unselfish work for others, and as Judge Goolrick says in his "Life 
of Mercer." he "is entitled to the gratiude of all liberty-loving 
.America." Mercer county. New Jersey, was named in his honor. 

60 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 61 

John Armstrong (1725-95), born in the North of Ireland of Scottish 
ancestry, served in the French and Indian War (1755-56), was Briga- 
dier-General in the Continental Army (1776-77), and Delegate to ihe 
Continental Congress (1778-80, 1787-88). Colonel James Livingston 
(1747-1832), by his timely shot drove the British warship "Vulture" 
from her anchorage in the North River "thus securing the capture of 
Andre, effecting the discomfiture of Arnold's treason, and assuring the 
safety of West Point, the key of the Revolution." James Chrystie 
(1750-1807), born in or near Edinburgh, joined the Revolutionary 
Army and served with high reputation till the end of the war. On the 
discovery of Arnold's plot at West Point he was entrusted with a 
delicate mission by Washington, which he executed successfully. His 
.son, Lieutenani-Colonel James Chrystie, earned a name for himself 
at the Battle of Queenstown in the war of 1812. William Davidson 
(1746-1781), born in Pennsylvania of Scottish parentage or descent, 
was a Brigadier-General in the Revolutionary Army, and was killed 
in the fight at the ford over Catawba River. January 31, 1781. Con- 
gress voted five hundred dollars for a monument to his memory, and 
Davidson College, North Carolina, is named in his honor. General 
William Macpherson (1756-1813), born in Philadelphia of Scottish 
parents, was in the British service at the time of the Revolution, but 
resigned and joined the colonies, and served faithfully under Wash- 
ington. Major Robert Kirkwood was killed in the battle against the 
Miami Indians in 1792, the thirty-third time he had risked his life for 
his country. Lachlan Mcintosh (1727-1806), of the family of Macin- 
tosh of Borlum, was born in Badenoch, Inverness-shire, and came to 
America with his father who settled in Georgia. He volunteered his 
services on the outbreak of the Revolution, becoming General in 1776. 
He vi'as second in command at Savannah and took part in the defence 
of Charleston. Mcintosh county, CJeorgia. is named after his family, 
"whose members have illustrated the state, in both field and forum, 
since the days of Oglethorpe." William Moultrie (1731-1805). born 
in England or South Carolina, son of the Scottish physician. Dr. John 
Moultrie, ancestor of the Moultries of South Carolina, repulsed the 
attack on Sullivan's Island in 1776 and defended Charleston in 1779. 
Fort Moultrie was named in his honor. Andrew Pickens (1739- 
1817), of Scottish parentage, was noted as a partizan commander in 
South Carolina (1779-81), served with distinction at Cowpens in 
1781. and captured Atlanta. Georgia, in the same year. Pickens 
county. Georgia, bears his name. John Stark (1728-1822), one of the 
most noted Generals of the Revolution, serving with distinction in 
several campaigns, was a member of the Court Martial which con- 
■demned Major Andre. Arthur St. Clair (1734-1818), born at Thurso, 



62 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

Caithness, took part in many battles of the Revolution, was President 
of Congress in 1787, and Governor of the Northwest Territory (1789- 
1802). William Alexander (1726-83), titular Lord Stirling, born in 
Albany of Scottish parentage, commanded a Brigade at the Battle of 
Long Island, and also served at Trenton, Brandywine, Germantown, 
and Monmouth. John Paterson (1744-1808), grandson of a Dum- 
friesshire emigrant, took part in many battles of the Revolution, com- 
missioned Major-Gencral in 1783, the youngest one of that rank in 
the army, and was one of the organizers of the Society of Cincinnati. 
General Daniel Stewart was another patriot of the Revolution. A 
county in Georgia is named in his honor. 

Mexka.v W.vr. Winfield Scott (1786-1866), grandson of a Scot 
who fought at Culloden, was bom in Virginia, and entered the army 
in 1808. He served with great ability in the War of 1812, later be- 
came Major-General and Commander-in-chief of the Army in 1841. 
During the war with Mexico he held chief command of the Army, and 
became Lieutenant-General in 1847. Jolin Munroe (c. 1796-1861), 
born in Ross-shire, entered the United States Army, saw service 
against the Florida Indians, became Chief of Artillery under General 
Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War, and was subsequently Military 
and Civil Governor of New Mexico (1849-50). James Bowie (1795- 
1836), of Scottish descent and of "Bowie-knife" celebrity, took part 
in the Texan Revolution and was killed at the Alamo in 1836. Bowie 
county and the town of Bowie in Montague county, Texas, i)erpetuate 
his name. The Bowies were a prominent family in Maryland, occupy- 
ing high positions in politics, jurisprudence, and society. 

Civil W..\r. General David Bell Birney (1825-64), .son of James 
Gillespie Birney, served with distinction in the Army of the Potomac. 
General .Xmbrose Everett Burnside (1824-81), later Governor of 
Riiode Island (1867-69), and United States Senator (1875-81), was 
grandson of a Scot who emigrated to South Carolina at end of the 
eighteenth century. Samuel Wylie Crawford (1829-92), of Scottish 
ancestry, was brevctted Major-General of Volunteers for conspicuous 
gallantr)', and wrote "Genesis of the Civil War" 1887). Major- 
Gcneral Thomas Ewing (1829-96), was descendant of Thomas Ewing 
who emigrated to New Jersey in 1715. James Lorraine Geddes 
(1829-87), born in Edinburgh, brevetted Brigadier-General for his 
ser\'iccs, was also a poet, and wrote "The Soldier's Battle Prayer," 
"The Stars and Stripes." etc. John Brown Gordon (1832-1904), Lieu- 
tenant-General in the Confederate Army and later Governor of 
Gec^rgia, was descendant of John George Gordon and his wit'e Mary 
Chapman, emigrants from Scotland. General Charles Smith Hamilton 
(1822-96), of Scottish descent, also served with distinction in the 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 63 

Mexican War. General Grant ascribed the success of the repulse 
at Corinth to him. Thomas Jonathan Jackson (1824-63), "Stonewall 
Jackson," the noted Confederate General, was of Ulster Scot descent. 
John Alexander Logan (1826-86), of Ulster Scot parentage, was later 
unsuccessful candidate for the Vice-Presidency in 1884, United States 
Senator (1871-77, 1879-86), and author of "The Great Conflict" 
(1866). Major-General Robert McAllister (1813-91), great-grandson 
of Archibald McAllister from Scotland, 1732. Charles Lafayette Mc- 
Arthur (1824-98), soldier, politician, and journalist, was of Scots 
parentage. General Arthur McArthur (1845-1912), of Scots parent- 
age, son of Arthur McArthur the Jurist, later served in the Philippines, 
became in 1906 Lieutenant-General, being the twelfth officer in the 
history of the Army to attain that rank. Described as "our best read 
and best informed soldier." His son, Douglas, served with distinction 
in the Great War. John McArthur, born in Erskine, Scotland, in 1826, 
emigrated to United States in 1849, was brevetted Major-General 
for gallantry. General George Archibald McCall (1802-68), served in 
the Florida and Mexican Wars, and also rendered distinguished ser- 
vice in the Civil War. Daniel Craig McCallum (1815-78), born in 
Renfrevvshire, Superintendent of the Erie Railroad (1855-56), was 
Director of Military Roads in the United States (1862-65), and be- 
came Major-General in 1866. "He introduced the inflexible arched 
truss, which has probably been in more general use in the United 
States than any other system of timber bridges." The McCooks, of 
Scottish descent, two Ohio families with a remarkable military record, 
often distinguished as the "Tribe of Dan" and "Tribe of John" from 
their respective heads — two brothers. Major Daniel and Dr. John Mc- 
Cook. All the sons, fourteen in number, served either in the Army 
or Navy, iind all but one were commanding officers. Clinton Dugald 
McDougal (b. 1839), Major-General and later Member of Congress 
(1872-77), was born in Scotland. Irvin McDowell (1818-85), served 
in the Mexican War, in the Civil War had command of the Army of 
the Potomac, Major-General in 1872, was descendant of emigrant 
from Londonderry shortly after the siege in which his ancestor took 
part. General John Bankhead Magruder (181D-71) and Commander 
George Magruder of the Confederate Army were said to be "direct 
descendants of the illustrious Rob Roy McGregor." Alexander Mac- 
kenzie (b. 1844), Chief of Engineers, was of Scots parentage. David 
McMurtrie Gregg (b. 1833), served with distinction in battles of the 
Wilderness, and was afterwards Auditor-General of Pennsylvania. 
John McNeil (1813-91), Brigadier-General, was born in Halifax, 
Nova Scotia, of Scots parentage. General James Birdseye Macpher- 
son (1828-64), of Ulster Scot descent, took a most prominent part in 



M SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

many battles. General Grant said at his death : "The country has lost 
one of its best soldiers, and I have lost my best friend. " William 
Macrae (1834-82), of Scottish descent, Brigadier-General in the Con- 
federate Army was after>vards General Superintendent of the Wil- 
mington and Manchester Railroad. William Addison Phillips (1824- 
93), soldier, statesman, and author, born in Paisley, refu.sed to leave 
his command to accept the nomination for Governor of his state 
( Kan>ns). He was author of "Labor. Land, and Law" (1886). John 
Robertson (1814-87), bom in Banffshire, was Adjutant-General of 
Michigan from 1861 to 1887. He was author of "The Flags of Michi- 
gan." "Michigan in the War," etc. James Alexander Walker (1832- 
1901), descendant of John Walker who came from Wigtown (c. 
1730), was also Member of Congress (1895-99) and Lieutenant Gov- 
ernor of Virginia (1877). 



SCOTS IN THE NAVY 

John Paul Jones (1747-92), perhaps the most famous Scottish 
name in the annals of the American Navy, was the son of a Scottish 
gardener, and was born at Kirkbean, Kirkcudbrightshire. The de- 
tails of his naval career are so well known that there is little use of 
repeating them here. James Craig (1735-1800), a Scot, was appointed 
by Congress a Commissioner of naval stores in 1776. He was owner 
of a nuntber of armed privateering vessels, took several prizes, and 
also aided in fitting out several other vessels as privateers. The Nichol- 
son family, of Scottish parentage, was famous in the naval annals 
of the United States for three generations, from the Revolution to 
the Civil War. Alexander Murray (1755-1821), grandson of a Scot, 
took an active part in the naval battles of the Revolution and com- 
manded a squadron against the Barbary pirates in 1820. John Rodgers 
(1771-1838), of Scottish parentage, had a distinguished part in the 
war against Tripoli, the government of which he compelled to sign a 
treaty abolishing slavery of Christians and the levying of tribute on 
European powers. In the war of 1812 he fired the first gun, June 
23, 1812, at the British frigate "Belvidere." He was afterwards of- 
fered, but declined, the office of Secretary of the Navy. George Camp- 
bell Read (c. 1788-1862), Admiral, of Ulster Scot descent, took part 
in the fight between the "Constitution" and "Guerriere" in 1812. 
Isaac McKeever (1794-1856), Commodore and Commandant of the 
Navy Yard as Portsmouth, Virginia, was of Scottish parentage. John 
Berrien Montgomery (1794-1873), descended from William Mont- 
gomery of Bridgend, Ayrshire (1701), served in the \\'ar of 1812, 
the Mexican War, and while too old for active service in the Civil War, 
was in charge of Boston Navy Yard, then one of the most important 
supply stations of the navy. Rear Admiral Andrew Bryson ( 1822- 
1892). of Scottish descent, took part in Civil War, and retired after 
forty-three years' continuous service. John Mcintosh Kell (1823- 
1900), Executive Officer of the Confederate Cruiser "Alabama" and 
author of "Cruise and Combats of the 'Alabama' " was of Scottish 
origin. Rear Admiral Alexander Golden Rhind (1821-97), who 
served in the Mexican and Civil Wars, was also of Scottish descent. 
William Penn McCann (1830-1906), a descendant of John McKeand, 

65 



66 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

a native of Whithorn, Wigtownshire, who settled here before the 
Revohition, was called "Father of the White Squadron" from his 
having the warships painted white. Francis Munroe Ramsay (1835- 
1914), Rear Admiral and Chief of the Bureau of Navigation (1889), 
Member of the Court of Inquiry which investigated the conduct of 
Rear Admiral Schley during the war with Spain, was a grandson of 
Patrick Ramsay who came from Scotland, c. 1750. Frederick Val- 
lete McXair (1839-1900), Superintendent of the Naval Academy at 
Annapolis, was descended from Samuel McNair (1732). Rear 
Admiral George Wallace Melville (1841-1912), who saw considerable 
service in the Civil War and later achieved world wide fame as an 
Arctic explorer, was the grandson of a Scot from Stirling; and Ad- 
miral John Donaldson Ford (1840-1917), who fought in the Civil 
War and took a prominent part in the capture of Manila and destruc- 
tion of ihe batteries at Cavite during the Spanish-American War, was 
of Scottish parentage. 



SCOTS AS SCIENTISTS 

Alexander Wilson (1766-1813), born in Paisley, the first naturalist 
to study American birds in their native haunts, and author of 
"American Ornithology" (1803-13), was also distinguished as a poet. 
David Hosack (1769-1835), one of the most distinguished surgeons 
and scientists of his day, fourth President of the New York Histori- 
cal Society, was son of a native of Morayshire. Samuel Guthrie 
(1782-1848), physician and chemist, was descendant of John Guthrie, 
who came to America in 1661. He was one of the pioneers who in- 
troduced vaccination, produced the first successful percussion powder 
(after many experiments), invented the "punch lock" which super- 
seded the flint-lock musket, and, in 1831, discovered the anjesthetic 
chloroform. Hugh Williamson (1735-1819), statesman and scientist, 
born in Pennsylvania and educated in Edinburgh. He studied theology 
and was licensed but never preached, was Professor of Mathematics 
in the College of Philadelphia (1760-63), studied medicine in Edin- 
burgh and Utrecht, practised successfully, served as surgeon in the 
Revolutionary War, delegate to the Convention that framed the Con- 
stitution of the United States (1787), and was afterwards Member of 
the first Congress. John McLean (1771-1814), born in Glasgow, be- 
came Professor of Chemistry in Princeton (1775) and later Professor 
of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry in William and Mary College, 
Williamsburg, Virginia. His son, John, became President of Prince- 
ton. Dr. William Watson (d. 1828), a Scot, was physician and 
friend of Chancellor Livingston, and one of the early promoters of 
scientific agriculture in America. He was founder of the Farmers' 
Club of Dutchess and Coliunbia Counties, the pioneer of Agricultural 
Societies in New York. James Renwick (1790-1862), born in Liver- 
pool of Scottish parents, was Professor of Physics in Columbia Uni- 
versity, author of several scientific works, and one of the Commis- 
sioners who laid out the early boundary line of the Province of New 
Brunswick. His mother was the Jeannie Jaffray of several of Burns's 
poems. James Renwick, the architect, was his son. Other gifted 
sons were Edward Sabine Renwick and Henry Brevoort Renwick. 
Joseph Henry (1797-1878), the "Nestor of American Science," and 
organizer of the American Academy of Sciences otherwise the Smith- 
sonian Institution in Washington, was of Scottish origin. His pa- 

67 



68 SCOTLAXD'S MARK OX AMERICA 

ternal and maternal grandparents emigrated from Scotland together 
and are said to have landed the day before the Battle of Bunker 
Hill. The McAllisters of Philadelphia (father and son) were famous 
as makers of optical and mathematical instruments, and the son was 
the first to smdy and fit astigmatic lenses, and was also the introducer 
of the system of numbering buildings according to the numbers of the 
streets, assigning one hundred numbers to each block. Spencer Ful- 
lerton Baird (1823-87), Naturalist and Secretary of the Smithsonian 
Institution, was also of Scottish origin. His works, including scientific 
papers, number over one thousand titles. Carlile Pollock Patterson 
(ISlfvSl ) did much to develop the United States Coast Survey. Wil- 
liam Paterson Turnbull (1830-71), ornithologist, author of the "Birds 
of East Pennsylvania and New Jersey," a model of patient and ac- 
curate research, was born at Fala, near Edinburgh. Edward Duncan 
Montgomery, biologist and philosopher, was born in Edinburgh in 
1835. Marshall MacDonald (1835-95), ichthyologist, pisciculturist, 
and inventor, engineer in charge of the siege of X'icksburg during the 
Civil War, and inventor of automatic hatching jars, was the grand- 
son of a Scottish immigrant. Peter Smith Michie (1839-1901), soldier 
and scientist, lx)rn in Brechin, Forfarshire, graduated from West Point 
in 1863, served as Engineer in the Federal Army, and was afterwards 
Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy at West Point. 
William Healey Dall (b. 1845), palaeontologist to the United States 
Geological Survey, author of "Ala.ska and Its Resources," and author 
of hundreds of articles on Natural History subjects, was a grandson 
of William Dall of Forfarshire. Thomas Harrison Montgomery (1873- 
1912). specialist in zoology and embryolog}-, was of Scottish origin. 
Robert Gibson Eccles, physician and chemist, born in Kilmaurs. Ayr- 
shire, in 1848, discovered that benzoic acid and the benzoates are 
excellent preservatives of food. He has been Chemist of the Depart- 
ment of Indian .Affairs, Professor of Chemistrj' in the New York 
School of Social Economics, President of the New York Pharma- 
ceutical Association, etc., and has written largely on philosophy and 
science. Stephen Alfred Forbes (b. 1844), naturalist, educator, and 
writer on entomology and zoology, is of Scottish origin. Thomas 
Craig (1853-1900), Mathematician and Editor of the .\merican 
Journal of Mathematics, was of Scottish parentage. Alexander Crom- 
bic Humphreys, born in Edinburgh in 1851, became President of 
Stevens Institute of Tecimology. Holwikcn. in 1902. Anstruther David- 
son, born in Caithness in 1860, Associate Professor of Dermatology in 
the University of Southern California, is also distinguished as a botan- 
ist and entomologist. 
William Maclurc (1763-1840), the "Father of American Geolog)'," 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 69 

was born in Ayr, Scotland, and after acquiring a fortune in London, 
he came in 1796 to the United States. Having studied geology in 
Europe he was attracted by the imposing scale of the geological struc- 
ture of his adopted country, and in the course of some years made 
many journeys across the eastern states. He recorded his geological 
observations on a map, and in 1809 communicated his researches to 
the American Philosophical Society. In 1817, having extended his 
knowledge during the intervening eight years he presented his map 
to the Society, and it was then published. This was the first geological 
survey of the United States, and it was carried out unsustained by 
government aid or patronage. It was also chiefly through Maclure's 
aid that the new Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia was built and 
endowed. Dr. Archibald Bruce (1777-1818), the first scientific miner- 
alogist in America, and founder of the American Mineralogical Maga- 
zine (1810), was born in New York city, son of Dr. William Bruce, 
head of the medical department of the British Armies. Henry Dar- 
win Rogers (1808-66), born in Philadelphia of Ulster Scot parentage. 
Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, State Geologist of Pennsylvania, published important works on 
the geology of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He removed to Edin- 
burgh in 1855 and three years later became Professor of Natural His- 
tory in the University of Glasgow. His elder brother, William Barton 
Rogers (1804-1882), was also a distinguished physicist and geologist. 
David Dale Owen (1807-60), born in Lanarkshire, was brought to 
the United States by his father in 1823. In 1848 he took charge of 
the Geological Survey of Wisconsin and Iowa, and that of iVIinnesota 
in 1852. His brother, Richard Owen (1810-90), also born in Lanark- 
shire, had a distinguished career in this country as a geologist. J. 
Peter Lesley (1819-1903), also of Scottish descent, was another dis- 
tinguished geologist who by his researches and surveys in Pennsyl- 
vania, vastly aided in the economic development of that state. Persi- 
for Frazer (1844-1909), son of John Fries Frazer and great-grandson 
of Lieutenant-Colonel Persifor Frazer of Revolutionary times, was 
author of th.e Geological Survey of Pennsylvania (5 vols.) William 
John McGee (1853-1912), geologist and anthropologist, claimed de- 
scent from the MacGregors. He was Geologist of the United States 
Geological Survey from 1883 to 1893, Ethnologist in Charge of the 
Bureau of Ethnology from 1893 to 1903, and in 1907 was appointed 
a Member of the Inland Waterways Commission. Washington Car 
ruthers Kerr (1827-85), educator and scientist of Ulster Scot parent- 
age, was State Geologist of North Carolina (1866-82), and published 
many papers and reports on his subject. John Muir (1838-1914), 
geolog^ist, explorer, naturalist, and author, was born in Dunbar. "No 



70 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

man since Thoreau ever had keener sympathy with nature, a quicker 
vision for her mysteries, or a surer speech for their interpreta- 
tion." The establishment of the Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks 
and the great Sierra Forest Reservation are due to his writings. The 
famous Muir Glacier in Alaska, discovered by him in 1879, will for- 
ever blazon his name. Other distinguished geologists who may be 
briefly mentioned are: Samuel Calvin (1840-1911), Professor of 
Geology in the University of Iowa, born in Wigtownshire; John 
James Stevenson (b. 1841), educator and geologist, of Scottish paren- 
tage; Erwin Hinckly Barbour (b. 1856), professor of Geology in 
the University of Nebraska; and William Berryman Scott (b. 1858), 
the distinguished geologist and palaeontologist of Princeton Uni- 
versity. 

Asa Gray (1810-88), the greatest of American botanists, was a 
descendanf of one of the Ulster Scot settlers of 1718. Dr. Alexander 
Garden (1728-92), famous as a physician and botanist, was Professor 
of Botany in King's College (now Columbia University). His son was 
a distinguished Revolutionary officer. Thomas Huston Macbride 
(b. 1848), President Emeritus of the State Universitj' of Iowa, who 
has written much of value on botany, is of Scottish ancestry. Beverly 
Thomas Galloway (b. 1863), descended from John Galloway, an emi- 
grant from Scotland in 1680, Chief of the Division of Plant Industry 
of the United States Department of Agriculture, Assistant Secretary 
of Agriculture in 1913-14, is the author of several works on plant 
diseases. David Trembly Macdougal (b. 1865^, Director of the Botani- 
cal Research Department of the Carnegie Institution of Washington 
.since 1905, is the grandson of a Scottish immigrant. His studies relate 
especially to plant physiology, heredit)', and organic evolution. 

Stephen Alexander (1806-83), son of a native of Scotland, wrote 
much on astronomy, and was chief of the expedition to the coast of 
Labrador to observe the solar eclipse in August, 1869. James Fer- 
guson (1797-1867), an Engineer employed on the construction of 
the Erie Canal, was born in Perthshire. He was later Assistant 
Astronomer at the United Slates Naval Observatory', and discovered 
three asteroids, for which he received medals from the French 
Academy of Sciences. Ormsby McKnight Mitchel (1810-62), who 
was Director of the Cincinnati Observatory (1845) and later of the 
Dudley Observatory (1859), inventor of the chronograph and other 
astronomical apparatus, and became a General in the Civil War, 
was probably also of Scottish origin. Maria Mitchell (1818-89), 
daughter of William Mitchell (1791-1868), also an astronomer, be- 
came Professor of Astronomy in Vassar College, LL.D. of Columbia 
University (1887), and was the first woman elected to the American 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 71 

Academy of Sciences. Lewis Morris Rutherfurd (1816-92), one of 
the most distinguished astronomers on the American Continent, ob- 
tained important results in astronomical photography, and by means 
of a ruling engine, designed by him in 1870, constructed the finest 
diffraction-gratings which had, up to that time, been made, was of 
Scottish ancestry. George Davidson (1825-1911), born in England of 
Scottish parentage, geodetist and astronomer, one of the founders of 
the Geographical Society of the Pacific, Regent of the University of 
California, was retired after fifty years' active field service of incal- 
culable value to the cause of science. William Harkness (1837-1903), 
born in Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, was executive officer of the 
Transit of Venus Commission (1882). The task of reducing the obser- 
vations and the hundreds of photographs was successfully undertaken 
by him although declared impossible by eminent British and German 
astronomers. He was later Astronomical Director of the Naval 
Observatory and in 1897 made head of the Nautical Almanac. Will- 
iamina (Mina) Paton Fleming (1857-1911), born in Dundee, dis- 
covered many new stars and wrote much of permanent value on her 
subject. William Wallace Campbell (b. 1862), of Scottish ancestry, 
has been Director of Lick Observatory since 1901, and has written 
much on astronomy. 

The most interesting Scot in connection with horticulture in the 
United States is Grant Thorburn (1773-1861), who was born in Dal- 
keith and left his native country for political reasons in 1794. After 
trying a number of occupations he finally established himself as a seed 
merchant in New York, and the business is still carried on under his 
name. Under the pen name of "Lawrie Todd" he contributed to the 
Knickerbocker Magazine and other New York periodicals, and sup- 
plied John Gait, the novelist, with much of the information incor- 
porated in his "Lawrie Todd; or. Settlers in the New World." Thor- 
burn also pubished two volumes of reminiscences, "Forty Years' 
Residence in America," and "Fifty Years' Reminiscences of New 
York." William Adair, born near Glasgow in 1815, developed a 
profitable business as gardener and horticulturist in Michigan, and 
served as State Senator from 1861 to 1865, 1869-70. Peter Henderson 
(1822-90), born at Pathhead near Edinburgh, founded the firm 
of Peter Henderson and Co., horticulturists and seedsmen, one of the 
largest firms of its kind in existence. William Saunders (1822-1900), 
born in St. Andrews, planted and laid out several large estates, beauti- 
fied Fairmount and Hunting Parks in Philadelphia, and the park and 
garden system cf Washington, D. C, the National Cemetery at 
Gettysburg, etc. William Macmillan, bom in Nairnshire, laid out the 
public parks of Buffalo, and William R. Smith, a native of Hadding- 



'- SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

tonsliire, was for many years Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens 
at Waslnn-ton. Robert Buist (1805-80). born in Edinburgh, was 
also one of the greatest horticulturists in the United States. 



SCOTS AS PHYSICIANS 

A prominent physician of early colonial times was Dr. Gustavus 
Brown (1689-1765), born in Dalkeith, and died in Maryland. Dr. 
Gustavus Richard Brown (1747-1804), born in Maryland and edu- 
cated at Edinburgh University, his son, also made a reputation for 
himself as a physician of ability. Dr. Gustavus Brown (1744-1801), 
grandson of the first named, was summoned to attend President 
Washington in his last illness. Dr. John Lining (1708-1760), born 
in Scotland, settled in Charleston, S. C., in 1730, gained a large 
practice through his skill as a physician, and a distinguished reputation 
in Europe as a scientist from his experiments in electricity, etc. His 
meteorological observations were probably the first ever published. In 
1751 he issued his "History of the Yellow Fever," "which was the 
first that had been given to the public from the American continent." 
Dr. Lionel Chalmers (1715-1777), born in Argyllshire, practised in 
South Carolina for more than forty years, and was the first to treat 
of the soil, climate, weather, and diseases of that state. He "left 
behind him the name of a skilful, humane physician." Dr. James 
Craik (1731-1814), physician-general of the United States Army, 
was born at Arbigland, near Dumfries, and for nearly forty years was 
the intimate friend of Washington, and his physician in his last illness. 
One of the earliest introducers of vaccination into America and an 
original investigator into the cause of disease was Dr. John Crawford 
(1746-1813), of Ulster Scots birth. As early as 1790 he had con- 
ceived what is now known as the germ theory of disease. Dr. Adam 
Stephen, born in Scotland, died at Martinsburg, West Virginia, in 
1791, took part in the French and Indian wars and was an active 
participant in the Revolutionary War on the side of the colonists. 
The town of Martinsburg in Berkeley County was laid out by him. 
Dr. George Buchanan (1763-1808), founder of the Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, was a grandson of George Buchanan, 
the Scot who laid out Baltimore town in 1730. Dr. John Spence 
(1766-1829). born in Scotland, educated at Edinburgh University, set- 
tled in Virginia in 1791, and obtained a high rejnitation as a judicious 
and successful practitioner. The "father of ovariotomy," Dr. 
Ephraim McDowell (1771-1830), was born in Virginia of Scots 
ancestry and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. James 

73i 



74 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

Brown McCavv (1772-1846), one of the leading surgeons in Virginia 
for over thirty years, studied medicine in Edinburgh. He w^s one 
of the first, if not the first, to tie the external carotid artery, an opera- 
tion he performed in 1807. He came of a race of doctors, being 
the great-grandson of James McCaw, a surgeon who emigrated from 
Wigtownshire in 1771. George McClellan (1796-1847) the eminent 
surgeon and founder of the JelTerson Aledical College at Philadel- 
phia, was of Scottish descent. His son, John Hill Brinton AlcClellan 
(1823-74), was professor of anatomy in Pennsylvania Medical Col- 
lege, and liis grandson was George McClellan (1849-1913), the em- 
inent Philadelphia anatomist. Dr. Peter Middleton (d. 1781), a 
native of Scotland, made the first dissection on record in this country 
before a class of students and in 1767 established a Medical School in 
New York which was subsequently merged in the King's (now Co- 
lumbia) College. Dr. William Currie (1754-1823), served in the 
medical service during the Revolutionary War, and was reputed one 
of the most gifted men of his time as physician and classical scholar. 
Horatio Gates Jameson (1778-1855), distinguished physician and sur- 
geon, was son of Dr. David Jameson who had emigrated to Qiarleston 
in 1740 in company with Dr. (afterwards General) Hugh Mercer. 
Granville Sharp Pattison (1791-1851), anatomist, born near Glasgow, 
held several professional appointments in this country and founded 
the Medical Department of the University of the City of New York. 
Dr. John Kearsley Mitchell (1793-1858), poet, botanist, and eminent 
physician of Philadelphia, was son of Dr. Alexander Mitchell who 
came from Scotland in 1786. His son. Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell, born 
in 1829. was distinguished for his researches in toxicology, the nervous 
system, etc., and as one of the most distinguished of American authors. 
One of the founders of the City Hospital, Albany, and Surgeon-Gen- 
eral of New York State, was Dr. James McNaughton (1796-1874), 
born at Kenmore, Aberfeldy. Dr. Daniel McRuer (1802-73), born in 
Knapdale, Argyllshire, "a typical Scotchman with a 'burr' in his talk," 
performed great service in the Civil War as an army Surgeon. Dr. 
John Watson (1807-1863), organizer of one of the first dispensaries 
for the treatment of skin diseases and introducer of refonns in the 
New York Hospital, was an Ulster Scot. John Murray Carnochan 
(1817-87), one of the most distinguished surgeons of his day, was of 
Scottish parentage. Ferdinand Campbell Stuart (b. 1815), inventor 
of various instruments used in genito-urinary diseases and one of the 
founders of the New York Academy of Medicine, was grandson of 
Rev. Archibald Campbell of Argyllshire. Dr. David Hayes Agnew 
(1818-92) was of Scottish descent. In his work "he attained a degrec 
of eminence which has rarely, if ever, been equaled, and to which our 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 75 

own times and generation furnish no parallel." William Thomas 
Green Morton (1819-68), the discoverer of anaesthesia, was also of 
Scottish origin. Dr. Robert Alexander Kinloch (1826-91), of Scottish 
parentage, was the first American surgeon to resect the knee joint 
for chronic cases, also the first to treat fractures of the lower jaw and 
other bones by wiring the fragments, and was also the first in any 
country to perform a laparotomy for gunshot wounds in the abdomen 
without protrusion of the viscera. Dr. George Troup Maxwell (1827- 
1879), was inventor of the laryngoscope. James Ridley Taylor (1821- 
1895), who entered the medical profession after middle life, at the 
end of a long career passed as a mechanical engineer, and achieved 
success and fame in his profession, was born in Ayr, Scotland. He 
probably inherited his mechanical skill from his uncle, John Taylor 
of Dalswinton, who constructed the steam engine along with Syming- 
ton. James Henry McLean (1829-86), physician and Member of 
Congress, was born in Scotland. Dr. James Craig (1834-88), 
obstetrician, born in Glasgow, graduated at the University of the 
City of New York, attended over four thousand cases without the loss 
of a mother, was inventor of several surgical appliances, and was the 
first to demonstrate hydriodic acid as a curative in acute inflammatory 
rheumatism. Professor Ale.xander Johnson Chalmers Skene (1837- 
1900), of Brooklyn, born in Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, was perhaps the 
most famous Gynecologist in America. Fie was author of many 
treatises on his special subject. Prof. Charles McBurney (b. 1845), 
the famous surgeon, was of Scottish ancestry. Neil Jamieson Hep- 
burn, born in Orkney in 1846, oculist and aurist, held many posi- 
tions of responsibility. Charles Smith Turnbull (b. 1847), oculist and 
eminent specialist in diseases of the ear, was of Scottish parentage. 
Alexander Hugh Ferguson (1853-1911), the famous Chicago surgeon 
of Scottish parentage, was decorated by the King of Portugal for his 
skill in surgery. Other prominent doctors and surgeons of Scottish 
origin whom we have only space to name are : John Barclay Crawford 
(1828-94); William Smith Forbes (1831-1905), grandson of Dr. 
David Forbes of Edinburgh; John Minson Gait (d. 1808), and 
his son Alexander D. Gait (1777-1841); Robert Ramsey Livingston 
(1827-88), the most prominent of Nebraska's early physicians; and 
James Macdonald (1803-49), resident physician of Bloomingdale 
Asylum. 



SCOTS IN EDUCATION 

The Scots have largely contributed to raise the standard of educa- 
tion and culture in the United States. They furnished most of the 
principal schoolmasters in the Revolutionary Colonies south of New 
York, and many of the Revolutionary leaders were trained by them. 
While Harvard still continued under the charge of a president and 
tutors and had but one "professor," William and Mary College had 
had for many years a full faculty of professors, graduates of the 
Scottish and English universities. The Scots established the "Log 
College" at Nashaminy, Pennsylvania, Jefferson College, Mercer Col- 
lege, Wabash College, and Dickinson College: and in many places, 
before the cabins disappeared from the roadside and the stumps from 
the fields, a college was founded. The "Log College" was the seed 
from which Princeton College sprang. The University for North 
Carolina, founded and nurtured by Scots in 1793, and the University 
of Pennsylvania and Princeton University are indebted to the same 
source for their present position. William Gordon and Thomas Gor- 
don, who founded a free^chool in the county of Middlesex, Virginia, 
in the latter half of the seventeenth century, were Scots; and Hugh 
Campbell, another Scot, an Attorney-at-law in Norfolk county, \'ir- 
ginia. in 1691, deeded two hundred acres of land in each of the coun- 
ties of Norfolk, Isle of Wight, and Nansemond, for free schools. 
James Innes, who came to America from Canisbay, Caithness, in 1734, 
by his will gave his plantation, a considerable personal estate, his 
library, and one hundred pounds "for the use of a free school for the 
benefit of the youth of North Carolina," the first private bequest for 
education in the state. One of the first public acts of Gabriel John- 
ston, Provincial Governor of North Carolina (1734-52), was to insist 
upon the need of making adequate provision for a thorough school 
system in the colony. Out of the host of names which present them- 
selves in this field of public service we have room only for the fol- 
lowing : 

James Rlair (1656-1743"), born in Edinburgh, was the chief founder 
and first President of William and Mary College, and Mungo Inglis 
was the first Grammar Master there till 1712. Francis Alison (1705- 
99), an I'lster Scot educated in Glasgow, was Vice-Provost of the 
College of Philadelphia, now the Univevsitv of TViin^yK-.inia. Drsvid 

76 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 11 

Rhind, tutor of John Rutledge, "an excellent classical scholar, and one 
of the most successful of the early instructors of youth in Carolina," 
was of Scottish birth. The tutor of Thomas Jefferson was also a Scot. 
Samuel Finley (1715-66), born in Armagh of Scots ancestry, S.T.D. 
of Glasgow University, 1763, was President of the College of New 
Jersey, and one of the ancestors of Samuel Finley Breese Morse, in- 
ventor of the Morse system of telegraphy. In educational work in the 
eighteenth century no name stands higher than that of William Smith 
(1727-1803), born in Aberdeen, first Provost of the College of Phila- 
delphia. He was the introditcer of the system of class records now 
used in all American universities. Isabella Graham (1742-1814), born 
in Lanarkshire, ranked as one of the most successful teachers in New 
York at the end of the eighteenth century. James Dunlap (1744- 
1818), of Scottish descent, was President of Jefferson College, Penn- 
sylvania. William Graham (1745-99), was first President of Wash- 
ington .College (now Washington and Lee University). Robert Pat- 
terson (1743-1824), a Scot of Ulster, was Vice-Provost of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania (1810-13), and Director of the United States 
Mint in Philadelphia (1805-24). His son, Robert M. Patterson, suc- 
ceeded him as Vice-Provost in 1828. Peter Wilson (1746-1825), born 
at Ordiquhill. Aberdeenshire, published several important te.xt-books 
on Latin and Greek, was Member of the New Jersey Legislature in 
1777, and in 1783 was appointed to revise and codify the laws of the 
state of New York. Thomas Craighead (1750-1825), first President 
of Davidson Academy (1785-1809), afterwards the LTniversity of 
Nashville, was great-grandson of Rev. Robert Craighead who went 
from Scotland to Donoghmore in Ireland. Joseph McKeen (1757- 
1807), first President of Bowdoin College, was of LHster Scot origin 
(1718). John Kemp (1763-1812), born at Auchlossan, Aberdeenshire, 
became Professor of Mathematics in Coktmbia University. He "had 
an important influence in moulding the views of De Witt Clinton on 
topics of internal improvement and national policy." John Brown 
(1763-1842), Professor of Logic and Moral Philosophy in the Uni- 
versity of South Carolina, was afterwards third President of the Uni- 
versity of Georgia. Joseph Caldwell (1773-1835) was Founder and 
President of the LTniversity of North Carolina. Jesse Mercer (1769- 
1841). Founder of Mercer University, was the grandson of a Scottish 
emigrant to \'irginia. Robert Finley (1772-1817). Tnistee of the 
College of New Jersey (1807-17) and fourth President of the Uni- 
versity of Georgia, was of Scottish parentage. John Mitchell Mason 
(1770-1829), fourth President of Dickinson College and for several 
years Foreign Secretary of the American Bible Society, was the son 
of Dr. John Mason, born in Linlithgow. Both were ministers of the 



78 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

Associate Church in New York. Archibald Alexander (1772-1851), 
fourth President of Hampden-Sidney College, Virginia (1796-1806), 
and J^'rofessor in Princeton Theological Seminary (1812-51), was of 
Scottish parentage. James W'addell Alexander (1804-59), Professor 
of Rhetoric and Belles-Lettres at Princeton (1833-44) and of Ecclesi- 
astical History and Church Government in Princeton Theological 
Seminary (1844-51) was his son. Joseph Addison Alexander (1809- 
60), Orientalist and Biblical critic, was another son of Archibald 
Alexander. jNIoses Waddell (1770-1840), born in Iredell county, 
North Carolina, of Scottish parentage, fifth President of the Uni- 
versity of Georgia, was one of the foremost teachers of his day. 
Samuel Brown Wylie (1773-1852), Vice- Provost of the University 
of Pennsylvania (1834-45), was born in Antrim of Scottish parents 
and educated in Glasgow. Joseph McKean (1776-1818), Boyleston 
Professor of Rhetoric in Harvard University (1809-18) was of Scot- 
tish parentage. Charles Macalister (1798-1873), born in Philadelphia 
of Scottish parentage, intimate friend of five Presidents, Government 
Director of the United States Bank, was founder of Macalister Col- 
lege, Minneapolis. John Dempster (1794-1863), President of the 
Illinois Wesleyan University, was of Scottish parentage. Daniel Curry - 
(1809-87) was President of De Pauw University (1855-59). Andrew 
Harvie, born in Scotland before 1810, became Principal of the Te- 
cumseh branch of the State University of Michigan (1839-40), Master 
of Oiancery (1848), State Senator (1850-51). Described as a "man 
of ability and thorough culture." Nathaniel Macon Crawford (1811- 
71), fourth President of Mercer University and afterwards IVesident 
of Georgetown College, Kentucky, was a son of William H. Crawford 
the statesman. John Forsyth (1811-86), clergyTnan, author, and Pro- 
fessor of Latin in Rutgers College, was of Scottish parentage, and 
received his education in Edinburgh and Glasgow. James McCosh 
(1811-94), born at Carskeoch, .\yrshire, was President of Princeton 
University from 1868 to 1888, and was the author of many works on 
philosophy. John Fries Frazer (1812-72), Vice-Provost of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania (1858-68), was of Scotti.sh ancestry. Louis 
Agassiz described him as "the first of American physicists of his 
time." James Sidney Rollins (1812-88'), of Ulster Scot origin, for 
his efforts on behalf of education in his state was declared by the 
Curators of the University of Missouri to have won the honorable 
title of "Pater Universitatis Missouriensis." Daniel Kirk-wood (1814- 
95), mathematician and educator, grandson of Robert Kirkwood who 
came from Scotland c. 1731. was Professor of Matliematics at Indiana 
University (1856-86). David Chassel. "of Scotch descent and Scotch 
characteristics," was tutor to Professor James Hadiey, America's 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 79 

greatest Greek scholar. Joshua Hall Mcllvaine (1815-97), a dis- 
tinguished compartaive philologist, was President of Evelyn College, 
Princeton. Alexander Melville Bell (1819-1905), the "Nestor of elo- 
cutionary science," inventor of the method of phonetic notation of 
"visible speech," was born in Edinburgh. Alexander Martin (1822- 
93), sixth President of De Pauw University, was born in Nairn, 
Scotland. John Eraser (c. 1823-1878), second Chancellor of the Uni- 
versity of Arkansas, was born in Cromarty, Scotland. Malcolm Mac- 
Vicar, born in Argyllshire in 1829, was famous as an educator, writer 
of text-books, and inventor of many devices to illustrate principles in 
arithmetic, astronomy and geography. John Maclean (1798-1886), 
tenth President of Princeton University, was of Scottish parentage. 
Matthew Henry Buckham (b. 1832), eleventh President of the Uni- 
versity of Vermont, was born in England of Scottish parentage. James 
Kennedy Patterson (b. 1833), first President of the Agricultural and 
Mechanical College of Kentucky (1880-1901), was born in Glasgow. 
David Erench Boyd (1834-99), second President of Louisiana State 
University, and his brother, Thomas Duckett Boyd, also a University 
President, were descended from John Boyd of Ayrshire, who emi- 
grated to Maryland in 1633. William Henry Scott (b. 1840), third 
President of Ohio State University and Professor of Philosophy 
there, was of Scottish ancestry. Neil Gilmour, born in Paisley, Scot- 
land, in 1840, was Superintendent of Public Instruction of New York 
State; and James MacAlister (1840-1913), born in Glasgow, was the 
first Superintendent of Schools in Philadelphia, where he introduced 
many reforms, notably in the Kindergarten and in -co-ordination of 
teaching. In 1891 he became President of the Drexel Institute and 
was also author of several works on education. Thomas Davidson 
(1840-1900), philosopher, educator, and author, was born at Deer, 
Aberdeenshire. John McLaren McBride (b. 1846), of Scottish 
parentage, was President of the University of South Carolina. Gus- 
tavus Richard Glenn (b. 1848) descended from Nicholas Glenn, an 
emigrant from Scotland, filled several important educational positions 
and was afterwards President of North Georgia Agricultural College. 
George Edwin Maclean (b. 1850), a distinguished English and Anglo- 
Saxon scholar, was fifth Chancellor of the University of Nebraska. 
William Milligan Sloan (b. 1850), author, educator, and Professor of 
History in Columbia University, is descended from William Sloane, 
a native of Ayr, who settled here in the beginning of the nineteenth 
century. James Cameron Mackenzie (b. 1852), born in Aberdeen, 
is founder of the Mackenzie School for Boys at Dobbs Ferry (1901) 
and a frequent contributor to educational publications. James Hervey 
Hyslop (b. 1854), philosopher, psychologist, and educator, was grand- 



80 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

son of George Hyslop of Roxburghshire. He devoted many years to 
psychical research. James Geddes (b. 1858), philologist and Professor 
of Romance Languages in Boston University, is of Scottish parentage. 
Andrew Armstrong Kincannon (1859-1917), Chancellor of the Uni- 
versity of Missisippi, was descendant of James Kincannon who came 
from Scotland c. 1720. Edwin Boone Craighead (b. 1861), Professor 
of Greek at WofTord College, South Carolina, and afterwards third 
President of Tulane University, is of Scottish descent. John Huston 
Finley (b. 1863), President of the College of the City of New York 
and Xew York State Commissioner of Education, is a descendant of a 
brother of Samuel Finley, President of Princeton College. Andrew 
Cunningham McLaughlin, born in 1861, Professor of American His- 
tory in the University of Michigan, is the son of a Peebles lawyer. 
Duncan Black Macdonald, Professor of Semitic Languages at Hart- 
ford Theological Seminary, was born in Glasgow in 1863. Richard 
Cockburn Maclaurin (1870-1920), seventh President of Massachusetts 
Institute of Technology, was born in Lindean, Selkirkshire. George 
Hutcheson Denny (b. 1870), Professor of Latin in Washington and 
Lee University, and later President of the same institution, and James 
Gray McAllister (b. 1872), sixteenth President of Hampden-Sidney 
College, are both of Scottish descent. William Allan Neilson. born 
in Doune, Perthshire, was Professor of English in Harvard Uni- 
versity (1906-17), and is now President of Smith College, Northamp- 
ton, Massachusetts. William Douglas Mackenzie. President of Hart- 
ford Theological Seminary Foundation, is a son of John Mackenzie 
of Knockando, Morayshire, and was born in Fauresmith, South Africa, 
in 1859. 

I As librarians may legitimately be included under the head of edu- 
cators, the following individuals may be mentioned : John Forbes 
(1771-1824), bom in Scotland, was Librarian of the New York 
Society Library. His son, Philip Jones Forbes (1807-77), was Libra- 
rian of the same institution from 1828 to 1855, and his son, John born 
in 1846. afterwards became Librarian there. Morris Robeson Ham- 
ilton (b. 1820), State Librarian of New Jersey, was descendant of 
John Hamilton, acting Governor of New Jersey (d. 1746). John 
Cochrane Wilson (1828-1905), Librarian of the Law Library of the 
Equitable Life Assurance Company. Miss Catherine Wolf Bruce 
established a Free Circulating Library in Forty-second Street in 
memory of her father, George Bruce the typefounder, in 1888. It is 
now a branch of the New York Public Library. 



SCOTS IN LITERATURE 

John Lawson (c. 1658-1711), Surveyor-General of North Carolina, 
a native of Aberdeen, published "A New Voyage to Carolina," in 1709, 
reprinted 1714, 1718, 1737, 1860, and twice translated into German 
(1712, 1722). Lawson was cruelly murdered by the Tuscaroras. 
Hugh Henry Brackenridge (1748-1816), born near Campbeltown, 
Argyllshire, Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvaina, was author 
of a political satire, "Modern Chivalry," a work now extremely rare. 
David Ramsay (1749-1815), physician and patriot, of Ulster Scot 
descent. Delegate to the Continental Congress, was author of historical 
works relating to the Revolution and to South Carolina. Gilbert Imlay^ 
born about 1755 in New Jersey of Scottish parents, was the first Ken- 
tucky novelist, author of "The History of an Expatriated Family" 
(1793), etc. Robert Dinsmoor (1757-1836), poet, was brother of 
Governor Dinsmoor of New Hampshire. Hugh McCall (1767-1824), 
author of the first "History of Georgia," (published in 2 v., 1811-16), 
was of Scottish descent. His ancestor emigrated from Dumbarton- 
shire to Ulster along with the ancestor of J. C. Calhoun. The ances- 
tors of both remained two generations in Ulster before coming to 
America. The greatest name in American literature is that of the 
son of the Orcadian farmer, Washington Irving (1783-1859). He was 
the first who won international honors for American literature. John 
Hellish or Melish (1771-1822), born in Perthshire, died in Philadel- 
phia, traveled extensively in the United States and published several 
volumes of his travels and also published many topographical and 
military maps. James Murdock (1776-1856), of Ulster Scot descent, 
translated and edited Mosheim's "Institutes of Ecclesiastical His- 
tory," Milman's "History of Christianity," etc. Henry Marie Brack- 
enridge (1786-1871), author and jurist, was son of the author of 
"Modern Chivalry." Thomas F. Gordon (1789-1860), lawyer and 
historian of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, etc., was of Scottish ancestry. 
Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (1790-1870), lawyer, newspaper editor, 
author of "Georgia Scenes" (1840), etc., was son of the inventor. 
Lydia (Huntley) Sigoumey (1791-1865), poet and miscellaneous 
writer, was partly of Scots descent. Hew Ainslie (1792-1878), 
author of a "Pilgrimage to the Land of Burns," etc., was bom in 
Ayrshire. David Paul Brown (1795-1872), born in Philadelphia of 

81 



&2 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

Scottish parents, was author of "The Forum ; or Forty Years of 
Practice at the Philadelphia Bar." James Lawson (1799-1880), news- 
paper editor and dramatist, was born in Glasgow and died in Yonkers. 
Angus Umphraville of Missouri, the unknown author of "Missourian 
Lays" (St. Louis, 1821), was most probably a Scot. His verses 
are described as "simply wonderful." Maria J. Mcintosh (1803-78), 
authoress, was descended from the Mclntoshes of Georgia. George 
Washington Bethune (1805-62) of New York, a graceful poet and 
eloquent orator, was the son of Divie Bethune, a native of Dingwall. 
Robert Shelton Mackenzie (1808-80), born in Dublin of Scottish par- 
entage, was editor of the standard edition of "Noctes Ambrosianae," 
and in 1834 became the first regular salaried correspondent of an 
American newspaper, the New York "Evening Star." Rev. Robert 
Tumbull (1809-77), born at Whitburn, Linlithgowshire, edited the 
"Christian Review" for many years and was author of several works. 
James C. Moffat (1811-90), orientalist, poet, and Professor of Qassics 
in Lafayette College, author of "Comparative History of Religions," 
etc., was born in Glencree, Wigtownshire. Robert Macfarlane (1812- 
83), Editor of the "Scientific American," and author of two or three 
technical treatises, was born in Rutherglen. John Milton Macltie (1813- 
94), of Scottish ancestry, was author of several important biographical 
works. William Scoular (1814-72), born in Kilbarchan, Editor of 
the Lowell "Courier" ( 184 M7), published the "History of Massa- 
chusetts in the Civil War" (1868-71). Arthur MacArthur (1815- 
96), Jurist and Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin (1856-58), born 
in Glasgow, was author of "Education in Relation to Manual Indus- 
try" (1884) and "Biography of the English Language" (1889). Wil- 
liam Ross Wallace (1819-81), author of "Perdita," etc., was described 
by Bryant as "a born poet." Donald Macleod (1821-65), son of the 
Rev. Alexander Macleod of Mull, Professor of Rhetoric in Mount St. 
Mary's College, Ohio, was author of historical and other works. His 
brother, Xavier Donald Macleod, was a poet and miscellaneous writer. 
Donald Grant Mitchell (1822-1908). "Ik Marvel," was of Scottish 
descent, and so was General Lew Wallace (1827-1905), author of 
"Ben Hur," etc. James Grant Wilson (1832-1914), son of the poet 
publisher, William Wilson, of Pouglakeepsie, was born in Edinburgh, 
and attained the rank of General in the Civil War. He was after- 
wards author of several important biographical and historical works. 
William Swinton (1833-92), journalist, was correspondent of New 
York "Times" (1862-64), and author, was born in Haddingtonshire. 
He "produced many educational works which were widely adopted 
in both private and public schools throughout the country." Henry 
Ward Beecher called him the "American Napier" from the vividness 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 83 

of his historical descriptions. David Gray (1836-88), editor of the 
Buffalo "Courier" and poet, was born in Edinburgh. John Clark 
Ridpath (1841-1900), educator, historian, and author, was decended 
from the old Border family of Redpath. He was the author of "Great 
Races of Mankind" (1893), "History of the World" (1898), etc. 
Katherine Margaret Brownlee (b. 1841), a descendant of the Brown- 
lees of Torwood, was author of several volumes of poetry. Leonard 
Allison Morrison (b. 1843) of New Hampshire, was a descendant 
of John Morrison who went from Scotland to Londonderry and 
thence to Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 1723. Always devoted 
to literary studies, as a historical and genealogical writer he has 
earned an enviable reputation. James Morrison Steele Mackaye 
(1842-94), actor and dramatist, was grandson of William Kay who 
came from Scotland about 1800. His son, Percy Wallace Mackaye 
(b. 1875) is a distinguished dramatist and poet. Wallace Bruce (b. 
1844), poet and essayist, was descended from George Bruce who came 
from Scotland in 1635. While United States Consul at Edinburgh 
(1889-93) he secured the erection of a statue of Lincoln in the Cal- 
ton Burial Ground, to commemorate the services of Scottish-American 
soldiers in the Civil War. James Kennedy, born at Aberlemno, For- 
farshire, in 1850, is a well-known poet, author, and lecturer. John 
D. Ross, born in Edinburgh in 1853, is author of several literary 
works particularly relating to Scotland. Francis Marion Crawford 
(1854-1909), the novelist, son of Thomas Crawford the sculptor, was 
also of Scottish descent. Henry j\Iorse Stephens, the historian, was 
born in Edinburgh in 1857. Ernest Evan Seton-Thompson (b. 1860), 
artist, author, and naturalist, and Charles William Wallace (b. 1865), 
philologist and Shakespearean scholar, are both of Scottish descent. 
John Hanson Thomas McPherson (b. 1865), historian and educator, 
author of "History of Liberia" (1891), is a descendant of Robert 
McPherson who came from Scotland in 1738. George Barr Mc- 
Cutcheon (b. 1866), author of many widely read works of fiction 
("Graustark," "Brewster's Millions," etc.) is a descendant of John 
McCutcheon who emigrated from Scotland in 1730. Mary Johns- 
ton (b. 1870), author of "Prisoners of Hope" (1898), "To have and 
to hold" (1899), etc., is a descendant of Peter Johnston who emigrated 
to Virginia in 1727. 



SCOTS IN THE CHURCH AND SOCIAL WELFARE 

Francis Makemie (c. 1658-1708), the organizer of the first Ameri- 
can Presbytery, was bom in Ulster of Scots parentage. In 1676 he 
went to Glasgow to attend the classes in the University there, and his 
name still stands in the matriculation register of the University : "Fran- 
ciscus Makemius . . . Scoto-Hibernus." i. e. Francis Makemie, a 
Scot of Ireland. In 1683 he was ordained by the Presbytery of Lag- 
gan and sent over to the American colonies, where he immediately be- 
gan the organization of churches and presbyteries. William Traill, 
another Scot, Moderator of the Presbytery of Laggan, was sent over 
shortly before Makemie but he confined his work to preaching. George 
Gillespie (1683-1760), born in Glasgow, was one of the earliest or- 
dained ministers in New Jersey and Delaware. Alexander Garden 
(1685-1756), an Episcopalian, born in Edinburgh, settled in Charles- 
ton, South Carolina, as Rector of St. Philip's Episcopal Church. Sam- 
uel Auchmuty (1722-77). son of the eminent Scottish lawyer of Bos- 
ton, was Rector of Trinity Church, New York city, and had charge of 
all the churches there. Thomas Gordon, the "fighting parson" of 
Bacon's Rebellion (1676) was a Scot. Henry Barclay (1712-64), 
Rector of Trinity Church, New York, Trustee of the New York 
Society Library, and a Governor of Columbia University, was the son 
of John Barclay, a Scot, Surveyor General of East New Jersey. Rob- 
ert Sandeman (1718-71), born in Perth, and died in Danbury, Con- 
necticut, was principal founder of the Sandemanians or Glassites. 
John Mason, a native of Linlithgow, "one of the most accomplished 
preachers and pastors of his day," was appointed Minister of the 
Scotch Presbyterian Church, New York, in 1761. James Caldwell 
(1734-81), soldier parson of the Revolution, was of Scots parentage 
or descent. Finding the Revolutionary soldiers short of wadding he 
distributed the church hymn books among them, with the exhortation, 
"Now, boys, put Watts into them." His son, John E. Caldwell, was 
one of the founders of the American Bible Society. Alexander Mc- 
Whorter (1734-1807), of Scottish parentage, took an active part in 
Revolutionary matters and was a Trustee of Princeton College. Mc- 
Whorter Street in Newark, New Jersey, is named in his honor. James 
Waddell (1739-1805). famous in \'irginia as "The Blind Preacher," 
was probably a grand.son or great-grandson of William Waddell of 
Monkland parish, Scotland, one of the prisoners captured at Bothwell 

84 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 85 

Brig in 1679. Samuel McClintock (1732-1804), minister of Green- 
land, New Hampshire, of Scottish origin, was present at Bunker Hill 
and appears in Trumbull's painting of the battle. Four of his sons 
served in the Revolutionary war. Alexander McLeod (1774-1833), 
born in the island of Mull, died in New York as Pastor of the First 
Reformed Church. Described as "a powerful preacher, a man of 
learning and wisdom, and a devout Christian." George Buist (1770- 
1808), born in Fifeshire, Scotland, educated in Edinburgh, "one of the 
most eloquent and distinguished divines of his day," was Pastor of 
the Scots Church in Charleston and President of the College of 
Charleston. Alexander Campbell (1786-1866), founder of the Camp- 
bellites, was born in Antrim of Scots ancestry. Walter Scott, an- 
other of the founders, was born in Moffat, Dumfriesshire. John 
Dempster (1794-1843), founder of Boston Theological Seminary, 
which afterwards became the Theological School of Boston Univer- 
sity, was of Scots parentage. Peter Douglas Gorrie (1813-84), 
clergyman, and historian of the Methodist Church in the United States, 
was born in Glasgow. John McClintock (1814-70), of Drew Theo- 
logical Seminary and leading editor of McClintock and Strong's 
"Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature," 
was of Scottish descent. Robert Stuart MacArthur, born in Canada, 
in 1841, of Scots parentage, Minister of Calvary Baptist Qiurch, 
New York, has published many volumes of sermons, essays, and nar- 
ratives of travel. Robert Mackenzie (b. 1845), President of San 
Francisco Theological Seminary, was born in Cromarty. Robert 
Mclntyre (b. 1851), Methodist Episcopal Bishop of California, was 
born in Selkirk. Joseph Plumb Cochran, Medical Missionary to 
Persia, the "Hakim Sahib" of the natives, was grandson of a Scot. 
John Alexander Dowie (1848-1907), founder of the so-called "Chris- 
tian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion," was born in Edinburgh. 
Mary M. Baker Glover Eddy (1821-1910), claimed partly Scots de- 
scent (from MacNeils of Barra). 

Charles Pettigrew (1743-1807), Bishop of the Diocese of North 
Carolina, was of Scottish descent. James Kemp (1764-1827), sec- 
ond Bishop of Maryland, was born at Keithhall in Aberdeenshire. 
Charles Pettit Mcllvaine (1799-1873), Bishop of Ohio (1832-73), 
author of "Evidences of Christianity," 1832, was also of Scottish 
origin, from the Macllvaines of Ayrshire. William Edward McLaren 
(1831-1905), third Bishop of Chicago, was grandson of a Scot. The 
first missionary Bishop of Duluth, James Dow Morrison (b. 1844), 
was son of Rev. John Morrison and his wife who emigrated from 
Glasgow in 1837. Abram Newkirk Littlejohn (1824-91), first Bishop 
of Long Island, was a descendant of Hugh Littlejohn of Perthshire. 



86 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

James Steptoe Johnston (b. 1843), second Bishop of western Texas, 
was of Scottish descent; and Hugh Miller Thompson (1830-1902), 
second Bishop of Mississippi, was an Ulster Scot, born in Londonderry. 

Richard Gilmour (1824-91), second Roman Catholic Bishop of the 
Diocese of Cleveland (1872-91), born in Glasgow, Scotland, of Pres- 
byterian parents, was noted for his zeal in behalf of Catholic educa- 
tion. Robert Seton (b. 1839), a descendent of the Setons of Winton, 
was created Archbishop of HeliopoHs in 1903. Elizabeth Ann Bayley 
Seton (1774-1821), of the same family, was founder of the Roman 
Catholic Order of Sisters of Charity (1809), of which she was the 
first Mother Superior. 

John McLean (1759-1823), merchant and philanthropist, was 
founder of McLean Asylum for Insane at Somerville, Massachu- 
setts. Robert Rantoul (1778-1848), of Scottish parentage, worked 
hard to ameliorate the criminal legislation of the country, and took 
part in establishing a charity school at Beverly, Massachusetts, which 
was said to be the first Sunday School in America. Mrs. Graham, 
a Scotswoman, celebrated in New York city for her benevolence and 
charity, founded a Sunday School in New York for young women in 
1792. The movement however langiiished for some years until her 
daughter, Mrs. Bethune, also born in Scotland, organized the Female 
Sabbath School Union of New York in 1816. By her work in this 
connection Mrs. Bethune earned her title of "Mother of Sabbath 
Schools in America." Fanny Wright (1795-1852), Madame Frances 
D'Arusmont, born in Dundee, Scotland, lectured extensively in the 
United States on social, religious, and political questions, and was the 
author of "Views on Society and Manners in America," etc. Robert 
Dale Owen (1801-77), born in Glasgow, social reformer, spiritualist, 
author, and Member of Congress from Indiana (1843-47), was a 
strong advocate of negro emancipation. James Miller McKim (1810- 
1874), of Ulster Scot descent, was one of the organizers of the Na- 
tional Anti-Slavery Society (1835), later publishing agent of the 
Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, and in 1865 one of the founders 
of the New York "Nation." Albert Brisbane (1809-90), of Scottish 
and English descent, was the "Father of American Fourierism." Al- 
bert Keith Smiley (1828-1912), educator and reformer, was born in 
Maine of Scottish ancestry ; and Thomas Kirby Cree, of Ulster Scot 
origin, was Secretary for twenty-five years of the International Com- 
mittee of the Young Mens' Christian Association. John MacVicar 
born in Canada in 1859 of Scottish parents, was one of the origi- 
nators of the Commission form of government, developing what be- 
came known as the "Des Moines Plan." James Duncan, born in Kin- 
cardine in 1857, is the well-known Labor Leader. 



SCOTS AS LAWYERS 

John Mercer (1704-68). author of "An exact abridgment of all 
the public Acts of Assembly," Williamsburg, 1737, was a descendant 
of the Mercers of Aldie. Robert Auchmuty (born in Scotland, died 
in Boston, 1750), and his sons were distinguished lawyers of Colonial 
tim-es. Hugh Maxwell (1787-1873), born in Paisley, was Assistant 
Judge Advocate General (1814) and District Attorney of New York 
(1819-29). Edward Dufifield Ingraham (1793-1854), of Scottish 
descent, was at the head of the legal profession of his time in Phila- 
delphia. He was also an eminent bibliophile, possessing a library of 
thirty thousand volumes. Robert Rantoul (1805-52), of Scots an- 
cestry, was member of the first Commission to Revise the Laws of 
Massachusetts, Member of the first Massachusetts Board of Edca- 
tion, "an honor intended to be conferred only on such as were well 
qualified by their literary acquisitions to discharge its responsible 
duties." He was also a prominent agitator against the fugitive slave 
law, and organizer and corporator of the Illinois Central Railroad, 
the first transcontinental line projected. John Jay McGilvra (1827- 
1903), of Scots parentage, took part in many prominent enterprises 
for the public benefit in Washington State, and forced the Northern 
Pacific Railroad to restore five million acres to public domain. Law- 
rence Maxwell, born in Glasgow in 1853, was Solicitor-General of the 
United States (1893-95), and also held many other important posi- 
tions. David Robert Barclay, author of the well known "Barclay's 
Digest" of the decisions of the Supreme Court (St. Louis, 1868) was 
of Scots descent. William Birch Rankine (1858-1905) of Scots 
parentage, took up the work of developing Niagara power and 
founded the Niagara Falls Power Company (1886). Thomas M. 
Logan (b. 1840), lawyer, soldier, and railroad officer was a descendant 
of Logan of Restalrig. David Clarence Gibboney (b. 1869), Special 
Counsel for the Pure Food Commission in 1906, grandson of a Scot, 
has also made a reputation for prosecution of gamblers, dive-keepers, 
illicit liquor dealers, etc., in Philadelphia. 



87 



SCOTS IN ART, ARCHITECTURE, ETC. 

John Smibert ( c. 1584-1751), born in Edinburgh, came to America 
in 1728 and settled in Boston, where he met success as a portrait 
painter. He was the first painter of merit in the colonies, and painted 
portraits of many of the eminent magistrates and divines of New Eng- 
land and New York between 1725 and 1751, the year of his death. 
His work had much influence on the American artist, John Singleton 
Copley. Gilbert Charles Stuart (1755-1828), born in Rhode Island of 
Scottish parents, was the foremost American portrait painter of his 
day. He painted several portraits of Washington, and also portraits 
of Presidents John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Jefferson, Madison, 
Justice Story, Fisher Ames, John Jacob Astor and others. Cosmo 
Alexander, a skilled portrait painter, born in Scotland, was his teacher 
for a time. Charles Eraser (1782-1860), born in Charleston, South 
Carolina, of Scottish ancestry, first studied law and retired with a 
competency. He then took up art and achieved eminent success in 
miniature painting and as a painter of landscapes, pictures of genre, 
still life, etc. William Dunlap (1766-1839), artist and dramatist, 
founder and early Vice-President of the National Academy of De- 
sign, was of Ulster Scot descent. His family name was originally 
Dunlop. Robert Walter Weir (1803-89), of Scots parentage, is best 
known for his historical pictures, he being one of the first in America 
to take up this branch of the art. "The Embarkation of the Pilgrims" 
(1836-40) in the Rotunda of the Capitol at Washington is by him. 
Russell Smith, born in Glasgow in 1812, was a scientific draughtsman 
and landscape painter. Two of his finest landscapes, "Chocorua Peak" 
and "Cave at Chelton Hills" were exhibited in the Philadelphia Exhi- 
bition of 1876. His son, Xanthus (b. 1839), was a well-known 
marine and landscape painter and painted many of the naval engage- 
ments of the Civil War. James Hope, born near Abbotsford in 1818, 
settled in New York in 1853, distinguished as a landscapist, was chosen 
an Associate of the National Academy in 1865. Alexander Hay 
Ritchie (1822-95), born in Glasgow and educated in Edinburgh, was 
a most successful painter in oils as well as an engraver in stipple and 
mezzotint. His paintings of the "Death of Lincoln" and "Washing- 
ton and his Generals," obtained great popularit)'. As a portrait painter 
fine examples of his work are "Dr. McCosh" of Princeton, "Henry 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 89 

Qay," etc. He also did a good deal of book illustrating. Thomas 
Lachlan Smith (d. 1884), also born in Glasgow, was noted for his 
Winter scenes. Two notable pictures of his, "The Deserted House" 
and "The Eve of St. Agnes," were exhibited at the Centennial Exhi- 
bition. Still another Glasgow artist, John Williamson (1826-85), 
born at the Tollcross in that famous city, became an Associate of the 
National Academy, and made the scenery of the Hudson and the Cats- 
kills his special study as shown by his "The Palisades," "Sugar Loaf 
Mountain," "Autumn in the Adirondacks," etc. William Hart 
(1823-94), born in Paisley, became an Academican in 1857, and was 
afterwards President of the Brooklyn Academy and of the American 
Water Color Society. James McDougall Hart (1828-1901), bj)m in 
Kilmarnock, brother of William Hart, already mentioned, Academi- 
can of the National Academy of Design, was noted for his landscapes 
and paintings of cattle and sheep. His "Summer Memory of Berk- 
shire" and his "Indian Summer" attracted considerable attention at 
the Paris Salon in 1878. James David Smillie (1833-1909), son of 
James Smillie. the Scottish engraver, during the Civil War made de- 
signs for government bonds and greenbacks. In 1864 he took up 
landscape painting and was one of the founders of the American 
Water Color Society (1867) and National Academican in 1876. His 
brother, George Henry Smillie (b. 1840), was also distinguished as a 
landscape painter. He made a sketching tour in the Rocky Mountain., 
and the Yosemite Valley in 1871, and became a National Academican 
in 1882. Walter Shirlaw, born in Paisley, Scotland, in 1838, died in 
Madrid, Spain, in 1909, was the first President of the Society of 
American Artists. His easel pictures "are marked by rich color and 
fine composition, and he is one of the few American artists who have 
successfully painted the nude. His water-colors and etchings have 
brought him high reputation in these forms of expression." Walter 
MacEw^en, born in Chicago of Scottish parents, has painted many 
pictures and has received medals and decorations for his work. In 
1895-96 he painted nine large panels and a number of small ones for 
the Hall of Heroes in the Library of Congress. George Inness (1825- 
94), the famous American painter, is believed to have been of Scot- 
tish ancestry. James T. Dick (1834-68), William Keith (b. Aber- 
deenshire, 1839), Robert Frank Dallas (b. 1855), John White Alex- 
ander (b. 1856), Robert Bruce Crane (b. 1857), Addison Thomas Mil- 
ler (b. 1860), and John Humpreys Johnston, are all artists of Scot- 
tish parentage or Scottish ancestry. John Robinson Tait (b. 1834), 
artist and author, son of a native of Edinburgh, has written much on 
art subjects. John Wesley Beatty (b. 1851), Art Director of the 
Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, is of Scottish parentage. John Ward 



90 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

Dunsniore (b. 1856), Director of the Detroit Museum of Arts and 
Founder of the Detroit School of Arts; and John Ferguson Weir 
(b. 1841), Dean of the School of Fine Arts at Yale University, are 
of Scottish descent. 

Alexander Lawson (1773-1846), born in Lanarkshire, died in Phila- 
delphia, was famous as the engraver of the best plates in Alexander 
W'ilsons's Ornithology and the plates on conchology for Haldeman 
and Binney. His son, Oscar A. Lawson (1813-54), was chart en- 
graver of the United States Coast Survey, 1840-51. Samuel Aller- 
dice engraved a large number of plates of Dobson's edition of Rees's 
Cyclopedic, 1794-1803. Hugh Anderson, a Scot, did good line and 
stipple work in Philadelphia in the fir.st quarter of the nineteenth cen- 
tur}^ George ^Murray, born in Scotland, died in Philadelphia in 1822, 
organized the bank-note and engraving firm of Murray, Draper, Fair- 
man & Co., in 1810-11, the best note engravers in this country in their 
day. John Vallance, also born in Scotland, died in Philadelphia in 
1823, was one of the founders of the Association of Artists in America, 
and Treasurer of the Society of Artists in Philadelphia in 1810. James 
Smillie (1807-85), born in Edinburgh, died in New York, was cele- 
brated as an engraver of bank notes and as an engraver of landscapes. 
Among his best works are Cole's series "The Voyage of Life," and 
Bierstadt's "Rocky Mountains." Dr. Alexander Anderson (1775- 
1870), the "Bewick of America," bom in New York of Scots parent- 
age, at the age of ninety-three engraved some illustrations for Bar- 
bour's "Historical Collections of New Jersey." Robert Hinschelvvood, 
born in Edinburgh in 1812, studied under Sir William Allen, was 
landscape engraver for Harpers and other New York publishers and 
also engraver for the Continental Bank Note Company. John Geikie 
Wellstood. born in Edinburgh in 1813, was another eminent engraver. 
In 1858 his firm was merged in the American Bank Note Co., and in 
1871 he founded the Columbian Bank Note Company of Washington, 
D. C. He also made many improvements in the manufacture of 
banknotes. Charles Burt (c. 1823-92), born in Edinburgh, died 
in Brooklyn, a pupil of William Home Lizars of Edinburgh, 
did some fine plates and portraits for books and for several 
years was one of the chief engravers for the Treasury Depart- 
ment in Washington. Hezekiah Wright Smith, born in Edinburgh, 
in 1828, engraved portraits of Daniel Webster, Edward Everett, and 
his head of Washington, after the Athenrcum head by Gilbert Stuart, 
is said to be "the best engraving of this famous portrait ever made." 
Nathaniel Orr (b. 1822), of Scottish ancestry, retired in 1888 "with 
the reputation of having brought the art of wood engraving to the 
highest perfection, and the signature 'Orr,' cut in the block was always 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 91 

a sure guarantee of art excellence." Robert Shaw, born in Delaware 
in 1859 of Scottish parentage, has made a reputation by his etchings 
of famous historical buildings. His etching, the "Old Barley Mill" 
ranks as one of the best etchings made in this country. A few other 
Scottish engravers who produced good work were Robert Campbell, 
WiUiam Charles (d. Philadelphia, 1820), Alexander L. Dick (1805), 
W. H. Dougal (he dropped the "Mac" for some reason), Helen E. 
Lawson (daughter of Alexander Lawson already mentioned), John 
Roberts (1768-1803), William Main Smillie (1835-88), son of James 
Smillie mentioned above, and William Wellstood (1819-1900). 

John Crookshanks King (1806-82), born in Kilwinning, Ayrshire, 
emigrated to America in 1829, and died in Boston, was celebrated for 
his busts of Daniel Webster, John Quincy Adams, Louis Agassiz, the 
naturalist, Ralph Waldo Emerson, etc. He also excelled as a maker 
of cameo portraits. Thomas Crawford (1814-57), one of the greatest 
if not the greatest sculptor of America, was of Scottish descent. His 
works include "Armed Liberty" (bronze doors), Beethoven, bust of 
John Quincy, Washington, "Orpheus," etc. Frederick William Mac- 
Monnies, born in Brooklyn in 1863 of Scottish parents (his father 
was a native of Whithorn, Wigtownshire), is sculptor of the statue 
of Nathan Hale in City Hall Park, New York; "Victory" at West 
Point, etc. Robert Ingersoll Aitken, born in San Francisco of Scot- 
tish parents, is designer of the monuments to President McKinley at 
St. Helena, Berkeley, and in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. He 
also designed the monument to the American Navy in Union Square, 
San Francisco. In 1906 he moved to New York and has executed 
busts of some of the most prominent Americans of the day. Notable 
of his ideal sculptures are "Bacchante" (1908), "The Flame" (1909), 
and "Fragment" (1909). John Massey Rhind, Member of the Na- 
tional Sculpture Society, one of the foremost sculptors of the present 
day, was born in Edinburgh in 1858. James Wilson, Alexander Mac- 
donald (1824-1908), and Hermon Atkins MacNeil (1866) are also 
of Scottish origin. 

Alexander Milne Calder, born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1846, 
began life as a gardener, studied with Alexander Brodie and John 
Rhind and in London and Paris, came to America in 1868, and is 
best known as having made the sculpture for the Philadelphia City 
Hall including the heroic statue of William Penn, which crowns the 
tower. His son, Alexander Stirling Calder, born in Philadelphia 
in 1870, is also a sculptor of note, and was acting chief of the 
Department of Sculpture, Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco, 
1913-1915. Robert Tait MacKenzie, born in Ontario, Canada, 
in 1867, ' • of Rev. William Mackenzie, a graduate of Edinburgh, has 



92 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

created several groups of athletes in action of great force and beauty. 
Dr. Mackenzie is a physician and director of the Department of Physi- 
cal Education in the University of Pennsylvania. 

Thomas MacBean, the architect of St. Paul's Chapel, Broadway, 
New York City, built in 1764-66, was a Scot who received his train- 
ing under James Gibbs (an Aljerdonian), architect of St. Martin-in- 
the-Fields, London. John Notman (1810-65), born in Edinburgh, de- 
signed and constructed some of the most important buildings in Phila- 
del]iliia aijd also the State Capitol, Trenton. James Renwick (1818- 
95), born in New York city of Scottish ancestry, planned the distribut- 
ing reservoir on Fifth Avenue, New York, where the New York 
Public Library now stands. He was one of the greatest architects in 
this country, and the beauty of his work — to cite only a few of his 
most notable creations — is amply attested by Grace Church, Calvary 
Church, and St. Patrick's Cathedral, in New York; the Smithsonian 
Institution and Corcoran Art Gallery, in Washington ; and Vassar 
College in Poughkeepsie. John McArthur (1823-90), born in Bla- 
denoch, Wigtownshire, designed and constructed Philadelphia City 
Hall, Lafayette College, the "Public Ledger" building in Philadel- 
phia, several hospitals, etc. Alexander Campbell Bruce (b. 1835), of 
Scottish parentage, designed a number of court-houses and other pub- 
lic buildings in Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and North 
Carolina, besides schools, libraries, churches, hotels, etc. He easily 
became the foremost architect of the South. Henry Hobson Richardson 
(1838-86), of Scottish descent, drew the plans for many important 
buildings, but Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church in Boston, is con- 
sidered his masterpiece. James Hamilton Windrim (b. 1840), archi- 
tect and Director of Public Works in Philadelphia, was of Ulster Scot 
parentage. His services were utilized in the planning and construction 
of some of the most important buildings in Philadelphia. The Ma- 
sonic Temple in that city is believed to be his masterpiece. The de- 
signer of many of the notable bridges of Philadelphia was Frank 
Bums (1844-1913), an architectural draughtsman of Scottish descent. 
Harold Van Buren Magonigle (b. 1867), designer of the monument 
to the Seamen of U. S. S. Maine (1900), Cornell Alumni Hall, 
Ithaca, the National McKinley Memorial at Canton. Ohio, etc., is the 
grandson of John Magonigle of Greenock. The builder of the world 
famed Sinithsonian Institution in Washington was Gilbert Cameron 
(d. 1866), a native of Greenock, and Scottish stone-masons were 
largely employed in the construction of many of the most important 
buildings in the country, such as the Metropolitan Museum and Tombs 
in New York, the Capitol in Albany, the State House in Boston, the 
City Hall in Chicago, etc. Alexander McGaw (1831-1905), born in 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 93 

Stranraer, Wigtownshire, was famous as a bridge-builder and as 
builder of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. 
John L. Hamilton (1835-1904), born in Newmilns, Ayrshire, came 
to the United States in 1853, and soon became eminent as a builder. 

Duncan Phyfe, maker of exquisite furniture, who adapted and im- 
proved the Sheraton style, and considered by good judges to be the 
equal of Sheraton, Hipplewhite, and Adams, was a Scot who came 
to America about 1784. His father was John Fife of Inverness. 
Dyer, who devotes a chapter of his Early American Craftsmen to 
him, says "no other American made anything comparable to . . . 
the exquisite furniture of Duncan Phyfe." The name of Samuel Mc- 
Intire (d. 1811) stands out pre-eminent as master of all the artists 
in wood of his time. An account of his work is given by Dyer with 
illustrations of his work. In 1812, Thomas Haig, a native of Scot- 
land, a Queensware potter, started the Northern Liberties Pottery, 
and turned out a beautiful quality of red and black earthenware. 
About 1829 the works of the Jersey Porcelain and Earthenware Com- 
pany (founded 1825) were purchased by David and J. Henderson. 
Some of the productions of the Hendersons are especially sought after 
by collectors. The finii is now known as the Jersey City Pottery. The 
Scottish firm of J. and G. H. Gibson, glass-stainers, Philadelphia, ob- 
tained a national reputation for artistic work. Daniel and Nathaniel 
Munroe, clockmakers, were famous as such in Massachusetts in the 
beginning of the nineteenth century. Henry Mitchell (1810-93), born 
in Fifeshire, was the pioneer wagon-builder of the west. Frederick 
Turnbull (1847-1909), who introduced the art of Turkey-red dyeing 
into this country about 1850. was born in Glasgow. 

Will C. Macfarlane (b. 1870), organist and composer, was born 
in England of Scottish origin. His compositions include songs, an- 
thems, organ music, a Lenten Cantata, "The Message from the Cross." 
His setting of Katherine Lee Bates"s patriotic hymn, "America, the 
Beautiful," has had nation-wide usage. William Wallace Gilchrist 
(b. 1846), composer, was of Scottish descent; and Edward Alexander 
MacDowell (1861-1908), composer and Professor of Music in Co- 
lumbia University, was of Ulster Scot origin. 

Robert Campbell Maywood (1784-1856), actor and theatrical 
manager in Philadelphia, was born in Greenock, Scotland. Edwin 
Forrest (1806-1872), the celebrated American actor, was the son of 
a native of Dumfriesshire; and Robert Bruce Mantell, who made his 
debut in Rochdale, England, was born in Irvine, Ayrshire, in 1854. 
James Edward Murdoch (1811-93), grandson of a Scottish immigrant, 
was Professor of Elocution at Cincinnati College of Music, and later 
a leading actor on the American stage. During the Civil War he de- 



94 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

voted his energies to support of the Union and gave readings for the 
benefit of the United States Sanitary Commission. Benjamin Frank- 
lin Keith (1846-1914), theater proprietor, was of Scottish descent. 
Mary Garden, Singer and Director of Grand Opera, was born in 
Aberdeen in 1877. James H. Stoddart, the veteran actor, was also 
of Scottish origin. 



SCOTS AS IN-VENTORS 

As Scotland gave to the world the knowledge of the art of loga- 
rithms, the steam engine, the electric telegraph, the wireless telegraph, 
illuminating gas, the knowledge of chloroform, and many other im- 
portant inventions, it was to be expected that the inventive faculty 
of her sons would not fail when transplanted to this country. 

Hugh Orr (1717-98), born in Lochwinnoch, inventor of a machine 
for dressing flax, took a patriotic part in the war of the Revolution by 
casting guns and shot for the Continental Army, besides doing much 
to encourage rope-making and spinning. His son, Robert, invented 
an improved method of making scythes and was the first manufacturer 
of iron shovels in New England. William Longstreet (1759-1814), 
a New Jersey Scot, invented and patented an improvement in cotton- 
gins called the "breast-roller," also a portable steam saw-mill. As 
early as 1790 he was at work on the problem of the application of 
steam power to the propulsion of boats, but lack of funds prevented 
operations until 1807, the same year in which Fulton launched his 
steamboat. His son, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet (1790-1870), be- 
came President of South Carolina College. Robert Fulton (1765- 
1815), of Ayrshire origin through Ulster, was, as every one knows, 
the first to successfully apply steam to navigation. Hugh Maxwell 
(1777-1860), publisher and newspaper editor, of Scottish descent, in- 
vented the "printer's roller" (patented in 1817), cast his own types 
and engraved his own woodcuts. Henry Burden (1791-1871), bom 
in Dunblane, inventor of an improved plow and the first cultivator, 
was also the first to invent and make the hook-headed railroad spike 
"which has since proved itself a most important factor in railroad 
building in the United States." His "cigar boat" although not a com- 
mercial success was the fore-runner of the "whale-back" steamers 
now in use on the Great Lakes. William Orr (1808-91), manu- 
facturer and inventor, born in Belfast of Ulster Scot parentage, was 
the first to manufacture merchantable printing paper with wood fibre 
in it, and made several other improvements and discoveries along 
similar lines. Cyrus Hall McCormick (1809-84), inventor of the 
reaping machine, was descended from James McCormick, one of the 
signers of the address of the city and garrison of Londonderry pre- 
sented to William HL after the siege in 1689. Of his invention the 

95 ' 



96 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

French Academy of Sciences declared that by its means he had "done 
more for the cause of afjriculture tlian any other Hving man." James 
Blair (1804-84), born in Perth, Scotland, was the inventor of the roller 
for printing calico; and Robert M. Dalzell (1793-1873) was inventor 
of the "«,;^ptor system" in handling and storing grain. Samuel Colt 
(1814-62) ^inventor of the Colt revolver, and founder of the great 
arms factory at Hartford, Conn., was of Scots ancestry on both sides. 
He was also the first to lay a submarine electric cable (in 1843) con- 
necting New York city with stations on Fire Island and Coney Is- 
land. Thomas Taylor, inventor of electric appliances for exploding 
powder in mining, blasting, etc.. Chief of the Division of Microscopy 
(1871-95), was born in Perth, Scotland, in 1820. Duncan H. Camp- 
bell, born in Greenock in 1827, settled in Boston as a lad, by his 
numerous inventions, "pegging machines, stitching machines, a lock- 
stitch machine for sewing uppers, a machine for using waxed 
threads, a machine for covering buttons with cloth," laid the foun- 
dation of New England's pre-eminence in shoe manufacturing. Gor- 
don McKay (1821-1903), by his inventions along similar lines also 
helped to build up New England's great industry. Robert Dick, 
(1814-93), born in Bathgate, Linlithgowshire, died in Buffalo, lecturer, 
newspaper editor, writer, preacher, and inventor, was inventor of the 
mailing machine used in nearly every newspaper office on the conti- 
nent. Alexander Morton, (1820-60), the perfector if not the in- 
ventor of gold pens, was born in Darvel, Ayrshire. Tames Oliver, 
born in Roxburgh, Scotland, in 1823, made several important discov- 
eries in connection with casting and moulding iron, was the inventor 
of the Oliver chilled plow, and founder of the Oliver Chilled Plow 
Works, South Bend, Indiana. The business established by him is now 
carried on in several cities from Rochester, New York State, to San 
Francisco, and south to Dallas, Texas. William Chisholm, born in 
Lochgelly, Fifeshire, in 1825, demonstrated the practicability of mak- 
ing screws from Bessemer steel, organized the Union Steel Company 
of Cleveland, (1871), and devised several new methods and machinery 
for manufacturing steel shovels, scoops, etc. His brother, Henry, 
was the first to introduce steel-makmg into Cleveland, and might 
justly be called "The Father of Cleveland." Andrew Campbell 
(1821-90) was the inventor of many improvements in printing ma- 
chinery, and of a long series of devices comprising labor-saving ma- 
chinery relating to hat manufacture, steam-engines, machinists' tools, 
lithographic and printing machinery, and electrical appliances. Wil- 
liam Ezra Ferguson (b. 1832), merchant and inventor of the means 
of conveying grain on steam shipments without shifting, was of Scot- 
tish ancestr)'. Alexander Davidson (b. 1832) made many inventions 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 97 

in connection with the typewriter, one of the most important being 
the scale regarding the value of the letters of the alphabet. As an in- 
ventor he was of the front rank. Andrew Smith Hallidie (b. 1836), 
son of a native of Dunfermline, was the inventor of stee'-wire rope 
making and also the inventor of the "Hallidie ropeway," ich led up 
to the introduction of cable railroads. James Lyall 1836-1901), 
born in Auchterarder, invented the positive-motion shuttle (1868) 
which revolutionized the manufacture of cotton goods. He also in- 
vented fabrics for pneumatic tyres and fire-hose. James P. Lee, born 
in Roxburghshire in 1837, was inventor of the Lee magazine gun 
which was adopted by the United States Navy in 1895. His first 
weapon was a breech-loading rifle which was adopted by the United 
States Government during the Civil War. Later he organized the 
Lee Arms Company of Connecticut. The production of the telephone 
as a practical and now universally employed method of "annihilating 
time and space" in the articulate intercourse of the human race will 
forever be associated with the name of Alexander Graham Bell, born 
in Edinburgh in 1847. By its means he has promoted commerce, 
created new industries, and has bridged continents, ail the result of 
"sheer hard thinking aided by unbounded genius." To Dr. Graham 
Bell we are also indebted for the photophone, for the inductoin balance, 
the telephone probe, and the gramophone. During the war he de- 
signed a "submarine chaser" capable of traveling under water at a 
speed of over seventy miles an hour, and he has made important ex- 
periments in the field of aeronautics and in other arts and sciences. 
The mother of Thomas Alva Edison (b. 1847), it may here be men- 
tioned, was of Scottish parentage (Elliott). The originator of the 
duplex system in the manufacture of railroad tickets was William 
Harrison Campbell (1846-1906), of Scottish parentage. William 
Malcolm (1823-90), also of Scottish parentage, was the inventor 
of telescopic sights, an invention adopted by all civilized governments. 
His attainments were better known and appreciated in Europe than 
in his own country. Daniel McFarlan Moore, electrician and inventor, 
of Ulster Scot descent, was inventor of the Moore electric light. 
James Peckover, born in England of Scottish and English ancestry, 
invented the saw for cutting stone and a machine for cutting mould- 
ings in marble and granite. Rear-Admiral George W. Baird (b. 1843), 
naval engineer, invented the distiller for making fresh water from sea 
water, and patented many other inventions in connection with ma- 
chinery and ship ventilation. James Bennett Fors)fth (b. 1850), of 
Scottish parentage, took out more than fifty patents on machinery and 
manufacturing processes connected with rubber and fire-hose. John 
Charles Barclay, telegraph manager, descendant of John Barclay who 



98 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

emigrated from Scotland in 1684, patented the printing telegraph 
"said to be the most important invention in the telegraph world since 
Edison introduced the quadruplex system." Alexander Winton, born 
in Grangemouth in 1860, inventor and manufacturer, successfully de- 
veloped a number of improvements in steam engines for ocean going 
vessels, founded the Winton Motor Carriage Company in 1897, and 
patented a number of inventions in connection with automobile me- 
chanism. The works of the company at Cleveland, Ohio, now cover 
more than thirteen acres. The first to expound and formulate the 
application of the law of conservation in illumination calculations was 
Addams Stratton McAllister (b. 1875), a descendant of Hugh Mc- 
Allister, who emigrated from Scotland c. 1732. He also holds several 
patents for alternating-current machinery, and has written largely 
on electrical subjects. Richard Dudgeon (1820-99), born in Hadding- 
tonshire, Scotland, was distinguished as a machinist, inventor of the 
hydraulic jack and boiler-tube expander. 



SCOTS AS ENGINEERS 

Thomas Hutchins (1730-1789), engineer and geographer was of 
Scotish origin. He was author of some topographical works and also 
furnished the maps and plates of Smith's Account of Bouquet's ex- 
pedition (Philadelphia, 1765). James Geddes (1763-1838), of Scot- 
tish birth or parentage, was surveyor of canal routes in New York 
State and was chief engineer on construction of the Erie Canal (1816), 
and chief engineer of the Champlain Canal (1818. "In all matters re- 
lating to the laying out, designing and construction of canals, he was 
looked upon as one of the highest authorities in the country." James 
Pugh Kirkwood (1807-77), born in Edinburgh, came to United States 
in 1832, was one of the most eminent engineers in the country, one of 
the founders of the American Societ}' of Civil Engineers (1852) and 
President (1867-68). James Laurie (1811-75), born at Bell's Mills, 
Edinburgh, Chief Engineer on the New Jersey Central Railroad, con- 
sulting engineer in connection with the Housatonic Tunnel, and first 
President of the American Society of Civil Engineers. William 
Tweeddale, born in Ayrshire in 1823, rendered valuable engineering 
service in the Civil War, and was an authority on the sources and 
character of water supply. Henry Brevoort Renwick, noted engineer 
and expert in patent cases, first inspector of steam vessels for the 
Port of New York, was a son of James Renwick the scientist. David 
Young, born in Alloa, Scotland, in 1849, was President of the Con- 
solidated Traction Lines of New Jersey and General Manager of the 
larger consolidated company. William Barclay Parsons (b. 1859), 
is partly descended from Colonel Thomas Barclay, a Tory of the 
Revolution. Hunter McDonald (b. 1860), descended from Angus 
McDonald, a refugee from Culloden, is a prominent railroad engineer. 
T. Kennard Thomson, born in 1864, is prominent as a bridge builder, 
designer of pneumatic caissons, etc. His father came from Stranraer 
in 1834. Hugh Gordon Stott, born in Orkney, in 1866, President 
of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (1907), Superin- 
tendent of motive power of Manhattan Railway System, etc. Wil- 
liam Gibbs McNeill (1801-53), of Scottish parentage, was another 
engineer worth mentioning. Theodore Crosby Henry (1841-1914), 

99 



100 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

"the father of irrigation in Colorado," was also of Scottish descent. 
William McLean (d. 1839), brother of Judge McLean, was mainly 
instrumental in extending the Ohio Canal from Cincinnati to Cleve- 
land. John Findley Wallace (1852-1920), of Scottish descent, was 
chief-engineer of the Panana Canal (1904-05), and also designed and 
constructed many important engineering works. Angus Sinclair (1841- 
1919), born in I'orfarshire, was an engineer, author of several text- 
books on engineering, and editor of the "Railway and Locomotive 
Engineering." 



SCOTS IN INDUSTRIES 

Robert Gilmor (1748-1822), born in Paisiey, was the founder of 
the East India trade in this country. He also assisted in founding the 
first bank in Baltimore (the Bank of Maryland), and the Maryland 
Historical Society. His son Robert (1774-1848) was also promineni 
in Baltimore business and was President of the Washington Monu- 
ment Association which laid the foundation for the Washington monu- 
ment in Baltimore in 1815 and completed it in 1829. Henry Eckford 
(1775-1832), shipbuilder, was a native of Irvine, Ayrshire. On the 
outbreak of the War of 1812 he built several ships for the American 
Government for use on the Great Lakes. In 1820 he was appointed 
Naval Constructor at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and there built six 
ships of the line. In 1822 he built the steamer "Robert Fulton." which 
made the first successful steam voyage to New Orleans and Havana. 
Angus Neilson Macpherson (1812-76), born at Cluny, Inverness- 
shire, was builder of the frigate "Ironsides," and designer of the 
furnaces for heating large plates and the method of affixing them to 
the sides of the vessel. Donald Mackay (1810-80), born in Nova 
Scotia, grandson of Donald Mackay of Tain, Ross-shire, established 
the shipyards at East Boston, and constructed a number of fast sailing 
ships, and during the Civil War a number of warships for the United 
States Government. The beauty and speed of his clippers gave him 
a world wide reputation as a naval constructor. Thomas Dickson 
(1822-84), President of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Co., was 
born in Lauder. William Grey Warden (1831-95), born in Pitts- 
burgh of Scottish ancestry, was a pioneer in the refining of petroleufo 
in Pennsylvania, and the controlling spirit in the work of creating 
the great Atlantic Refinery consolidated with the Standard Oil Com- 
pany of Ohio in 1874. George Gibson McMurtry (1838-1915), born 
in Belfast of Scotttish descent, steel manufacturer and philanthropist, 
was "one of the big figures of that small group of men which estab- 
lished the industrial independence of the United States from the 
European nations of cheap labor." James Edwin Lindsay (1826- 
1919), lumberman, was descended from Donald Lindsay, who settled 
in Argyle, New York, in 1739. John McKesson (b. 1807), descended 
from the McKessons of Argyllshire, was founder of the, wholesale 

101 



102 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

drug firm of McKesson and Robbins; and Alfred B. Scott of the 
wholesale dnig firm of Scott and Bowne was also of Scottish descent. 
Edmond Urquhart (b. 1834) was one of the pioneers in the creation 
of the cotton seed oil industry. To Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), 
bom in Dunfermline, "the richest and most free-handed Scot who 
ever lived." more than anyone else is due the great steel and iron in- 
dustry of the United States. His innumerable gifts for public libraries, 
etc., are too well known to need detailing here. To New York alone 
he gave over five million dollars to establish circulating branches in 
connection with the New York Public Library. In the development 
of the steel business of Pittsburgh he was ably seconded by James 
Scott, George Lauder (his cousin), Robert Pitcairn, Charles Lock- 
hart, and others — all Scots. James McClurg Guffey (b. 1839), oil 
producer and capitalist, was of Galloway descent. He developed the 
oil fields of Kansas, Texas, California, West Virginia, and Indian 
Territory. The town of Guffey, Colorado, is named in his honor. His 
brother Wesley S. Guflfey was also prominent in the oil industry. John 
Arbuckle (1839-1912), merchant and philanthropist, known in the 
trade as the "Coffee King," was born in Scotland. Robert Dunlap 
(b. 1834), hat manufacturer and founder of Dunlap Cable News Com- 
pany (1891), was of Ulster Scot origin. William Chalk Gouinlock 
(1844-1914), physician and manufacturer, of Scottish ancestry, was 
one of the first to establish the salt industry in Western New York 
(1883), and in 1887 established the first salt-pan west of the Mis- 
sissippi (at Hutcheson, Kansas). Edward Kerr, born in Sanquhar, 
Dumfriesshire, in 1842, was founder of the Laurenceville Bronze Com- 
pany (1891); and William Mackenzie (1841-1914), bom in Glasgow, 
was founder of the Standard Bleachery at Carlton Hill, New Jersey. 
Hugh J. Chisholm (1847-1912), capitalist and manufacturer, was of 
Scottish parentage. James Smith Kirk (1818-86), soap manufacturer 
in Chicago, was born in Glasgow. George Yule, bom in Rathen, 
Aberdeenshire, in 1824, was distinguished in manufactures. William 
Chapman Ralston (1826-75), developer of California, was of Scottish 
ancestry. William Barr (1827-1908), merchant and philanthropist, 
founder of one of the largest dry goods firms in the Middle West, was 
born in Lanark. Matthew Baird (1817-77), born in Londonderry of 
Ulster Scot parentage, a partner in the Baldwin Locomotive Works, 
in 1865 became sole proprietor besides being a director in several other 
important corporations. James Douglas Reid (1819-1901), bom in 
Edinburgh, superintended the construction of many of the most im- 
portant telegraph lines in the United States and founded and edited 
the "National Telegraph Review." Theodore Irwin (b. 1827). grain 
merchant, manufacturer, and bibliophile ; and Edward Henrj' Kellogg 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 103 

(b. 1828), manufacturer of lubricating oils, were of Scottish descent. 
James Abercrombie Burden (b. 1833), ironmaster and manufacturer, 
was son of the great Scottish inventor, Henry Burden. William 
Sloane (d. 1879), came to the United States in 1834 and established 
the great carpet firm of William Sloane and Sons. The development 
of the tobacco industry which so enriched Glasgow in the middle of 
the eighteenth century, drew large numbers of Scots to Virginia as 
merchants and manufacturers, and, says Slaughter, "it is worthy of 
note that Scotch families such as the Dunlops, Tennants, Magills. 
Camerons, etc., are to this day (1879) leaders of the tobacco trade of 
Petersburg, which has grown so great as to swallow up her sisters, 
Blandford and Pocahontas, which were merged in one corporation 
in 1784." David Hunter McAlpin (b. 1816) was one of the largest 
tobacco manufacturers ; and Alexander Cameron, bom in 1834 at 
Grantown-on-Spey, had an extensive share in the tobacco business, 
with four large branch factories in Australia. Alexander Macdonald 
(b. 1833), born at Forres, Elginshire, was President of the Standard 
Oil Company of Kentucky and Director in several other important 
business enterprises. James Crow, Kentucky pioneer, (c. 1800-1859), 
born in Scotland and graduated as a physician from Edinburgh Uni- 
versity. In 1822 went from Philadelphia to Woodford County, Ken- 
tucky, where his knowledge of chemistry enabled him vastly to im- 
prove the methods of distilling whisky, and he became the founder 
of the great distilling industry of that state. Walter Callender, born 
in Stirling in 1834, was founder of the firm of Callender, McAuslan. 
and Troup, of Providence. E. J. Lindsay, born in Dundee in 1838, 
was manufacturer of agricultural implements in Wisconsin. Alex- 
ander Cochrane, bom at Barrhead in 1840, was a great chemical manu- 
facturer. Edwin Allen Cruikshank, born in 1843 of Scottish ances- 
try, was a real estate operator and one of the founders of the Real 
Estate Exchange in 1883. George Harrison Barbour, bom in 1843 
of Scottish parentage, was Vice-President and General Manager of 
the Michigan Stove Company, the largest establishment of the kind 
in the world. William Marshall, born in Leith in 1848, was founder 
of the Anglo-American Varnish Company (1890). Robert Means 
Thompson, born in 1849 of Scottish ancestry, was President of the 
Orford Copper Company, one of the largest producers of nickel in 
the world. William James Hogg (b. 1851), carpet manufacturer in 
Worcester and Aubum, Massachusetts ; and Francis Thomas Fletcher 
Lovejoy, Secretary of the Carnegie Steel Company were of Scottish 
descent. William Howe McElwain (b. 1867), shoe manufacturer in 
New England, is of Argyllshire descent ; and the Armours of Chicago, 
descended from James Armour, who came from Ulster c. 1750, claim 



104 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

Scottish ancestry. William Barbour (b. 1847), thread manufacturer, 
was grandson of a Scot who moved from Paisley, Scotland, to Lis- 
burn, Ireland, in 1768, and in 1784 established what is now the oldest 
linen thread manufacturing establishment in the world. George A. 
Clark (1824-73), born in Paisley, established the thread mills at 
Newark, New Jersey, the business of which was carried on by his 
brother William (b. 1841), who came to the United States in 1860. 
The great Coates Thread Mills at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, are a 
branch of the firm of J. and J. Coates of Paisley. Hugh Chalmers 
(b. 1873), President of the Chalmers Motor Company, of Detroit, 
is descended from Thomas Chalmers who came from Scotland early 
in the nineteenth century. Ramsey Crooks (1786-1859), fur trader, 
born in Greenock, Scotland ; came to America and settled in Wis- 
consin. In 1809, he entered the service of John Jacob Astor and made, 
with Donald Mackenzie and Robert Stuart, the memorable 3,500- 
mile trip to Astoria, on the Pacific Ocean. In 1834, he settled in New 
York and engaged successfully in business. During his residence at 
Mackinac Island, Mich., and on his adventurous trips he was a great 
friend and confidant of the Indians. Black Hawk said he was '"The 
best paleface friend the red men ever had. Mention may also here 
be made of the Anchor line of Steamships founded by Thomas and 
John Henderson of Glasgow. The ships of this line began service be- 
tween Glasgow and New York in 1856. In 1869 they established a 
North Sea service between Granton, Scotland, and Scandinavian ports 
and through this channel introduced many thousands of industrious 
Scandinavian settlers into the United States. In 1870 they established 
the first direct communication between Italy, southern Europe and the 
United States, and in 1873 they inaugurated, and were the principal 
carriers of, the live cattle trade between the United States and Europe.. 



SCOTS IN BANKING, FINANCE, INSURANCE 
AND RAILROADS 

In the financial and commercial field in this country the Scots have 
held a foremost place and stand unrivalled for integrity, energy, fidel- 
ity, and enterprise. Many jibes are made at the expense of the Canny 
Scot, but American business men have realized his value. In business 
and commercial life the success of the average Scot is remarkable 
and many of the guiding spirits among America's successful business 
men are Scots or men of Scottish descent. 

James Blair (b. 1807), brother of John Inslee Blair, was largely 
identified with the development of banks and railroads in Pennsyl- 
vania. George Smith (1808-99), born in Aberdeenshire, founded the 
Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company (1839) and was 
later a prominent banker in Georgia. Alexander Mitchell ( 1817- 
87), financier, railroad builder, and one of the Commissioners of 
Public Debt of Milwaukee, was born near Ellon, Aberdeenshire. 
Brown Brothers, bankers in New York, was founded by Alexander 
Brown (1764-1834) who was born in Ballymena of Ulster Scot par- 
entage. George Bain (1836-91), merchant, banker, and director in 
many railroads, banks, and insurance companies, was born in Stirling, 
Scotland. Robert Craig Chambers (b. 1831), miner, financier, and 
State Senator of Utah, was of Scottish descent. John Aikman Stew- 
art (b. 1822), President of the United States Trust Company and 
Assistant Treasurer of the United States, was born in New York 
city, son of a native of Stornoway, Hebrides. Alonzo Barton Hepburn 
(b. 1847), descendant of Patrick Hepburn who came from Scotland 
in 1736, President of the Chase National Bank, a distinguished New 
York banker, has written much on financial subjects. Thomas William 
Lamont (b. 1870), whose forefather came from Argyllshire, is a mem- 
ber of the firm of J. P. Morgan & Co., and prominent in international 
finance. Walter Edwin Frew, President of the Corn Exchange Bank, 
New York, and President of the New York Clearing House is of 
Scottish parentage. He was a pioneer of the branch banking system 
in New York. James Berwick Forgan, born in St. Andrews, in 1852, 
President of the First National Bank of Chicago, is a pillar of finance. 
Andrew Glassell (1827-1901), descendant of a Dumfriesshire emi- 

105 



106 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

grant of 1756, was a prominent lawyer and banker in Los Angelei 
James Alexander Linen (b. 1840), President of the First National 
Bank of Scranton, was of Scottish parentage. George Rutledge Gib- 
son (b. 1853), of Scottish descent, has written largely on questions 
of foreign finance. John Hall McClement (b. 1862), railroad and 
financial expert, is of Scottish parentage. Duncan Maclnnes, born at 
Inveresk, near Edinburgh, has been Chief Accountant of the City 
of New York for many years, and is one of the best equipped men in 
municipal finance in America. Robert Graham Dun (1826-1900), 
mercantile credit expert, was grandson of Rev. James Dun, minister 
in Glasgow, who emigrated to Virginia, c. 1815. 

Robert Burns Beath (1839-1914), President of the United Fire- 
mens' Insurance Company of Philadelphia, and author of the "His- 
tory of the Grand Army of the Republic" (1888), was of Scots par- 
entage. William C. Alexander (1806-74), President of the Equitable 
Life Insurance Company, was second son of Dr. Archibald .A.lexander 
of Princeton. His son James Waddell Alexander (1839-1915), was 
also President of the same Company. John Augustine McCall (1849- 
1906), President of the New York Life Insurance Company, was of 
Ulster Scot descent. 

Men of Scottish birth or Scottish descent have had a prominent 
place in the development of the railroads of the United States from 
their inception to the present day. It was a Scot, Peter Fleming, Sur- 
veyor of the upper part of New York city, who laid out the grades 
for the first railroad in the state. John Inslee (or Insiey) Blair 
(1802-99), founder of the Lackawanna Coal and Iron Company 
(1846), financier and founder of the Delaware and Lackawanna Rail- 
road, was a descendant of Samuel Blair who came from Scotland in 
1720. Biairstown, New Jersey, is named in his honor. He gave 
half a million dollars to various Presbj'terian institutions. Samuel 
Sloan (1817-1907), President of the Delaware and Lackawanna 
Railroad (1867-99), was born in Lisbum of Ulster Scot ancestry. 
John T. Grant (1813-87), railroad builder in Georgia, Ala- 
bama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, was of 
Scottish origin; and so also was Thomas Alexander Scott 
(1824-81), Vice-President and President of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad, Assistant Secretary of War (1861-62), and Presi- 
dent of the Texas Pacific Railroad. James McCrea (b. 1836), 
descended from James McCrea, an Ulster Scot who came to America 
in 1776, was one of the ablest Presidents of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road. John Edgar Thompson, third President, Frank Thompson, 
sixth Vice-President of the Pennsylvania system, were also of Scot- 
tish descent. Alexander Johnson Cassatt, seventh President, was 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 107 

Scottish on his mother's side. Another prominent Scot connected 
with the Pennsylvania Railroad was Robert Pitcaim, born at John- 
stone, near Paisley, in 1836. Angus Archibald McLeod (b. 1847), 
re-organizer of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad was also a 
Scot; and George Devereux Mackay (b. 1854), banker and railroad 
builders, was descended from John Mackay who came from Caithness 
in 1760. John Allan Muir (1852-1904), railroad promoter of Cali- 
fornia, was of Scottish paraitage. 



SCOTS AS JOURNALISTS, PUBLISHERS AND 
TYPEFOUNDERS 

The first newspaper printed in North America, The Boston News- 
Lctter for April 24, 1704, was published by a Scot, John Campbell 
(1633-1728), bookseller and postmaster of Boston. John Mein and 
John Fleming, the founders and publishers of The Boston Chronicle 
(1767) were both born in Scotland. The paper was printed "on a 
new and handsome tj^De, a broad faced long primer, from an Edin- 
burgh foundry, and typographically far surpassed any paper that had 
appeared before it in New England." David Hall (c. 1714-1772), 
born in Edinburgh, emigrated to America shortly after 1740, became 
a partner of Benjamin Franklin in 1748. He was printer of the 
Pennsyhania Gazette, one of the few leading newspapers of the day, 
and one of the founders of the St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia. 
His son, William (died 1831), who carried on the printing business, 
was one of the original members of the "Light Horse of the City of 
Philadelphia," afterwards known as "The First City Troop," and 
serve<l in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. Rob- 
ert Aitken (1734-1802), born in Dalkeith, Scotland, printer and pub- 
lisher in Philadelphia in 1769, was publisher of the Pennsyhania 
Magazine from January 1775 to June 1776, the first magazine in 
Philadelphia containing illustrations, most of which were engraved 
by Aitken himself. He also published, at his own expense, in 1782, 
the first English Bible printed in America. Major Andrew Brown 
(c. 1744-1797), born in the north of Ireland of Scottish parents, was 
l)ublisher of the Federal Gazette, later (1793) changed to Philadelphia 
Gazette. He is credited with being the first newspaper man to employ 
a reporter for the debates in Congress. It may here be mentioned 
that the publisher of the first directory of Philadelphia and its suburbs 
(1782), was a Scot, Captain John Macpherson (1726-92). James 
.\dams, Delaware's first printer (1761), was an Ulster Scot who 
learned the art of printing in Londonderry and founded the Wilming- 
ton Couranl in 1762. Col. Eleazer Oswald (1755-1795), of Scottish 
origin, though born in England, rendered brilliant service on the side 
of the colonies during the Revolution. In 1779 he became associated 
with William Goddard in the Maryland Journal, the first newspaper 

108 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 109 

printed in Baltimore. Later removing to Philadelphia he issued the 
first nmnber of the Independent Gazetteer, or the Chronicle of Free- 
dom, April 13, 1782, and at th same time he also conducted in New 
York The Independent Gazetteer, or Nezv York Journal (1782-87). 
The first daily paper published in Baltimore (1791) was by David 
Graham. Alexander Purdie, a native of Scotland, was editor of the 
Virginia Gazette from March 1766 to December 1774. Shortly after 
this date he started a Gazette of his own, and in the issue of his 
paper for June 7, 1776, he printed the heraldic device of a shield, 
on which is a rattlesnake coiled, with supporters, dexter, a bear col- 
lared and chained, sinister, a stag. The crest is a woman's head 
crowned and the motto: Don't tread on me. Adam Boyd ( 1738-1803), 
colonial printer and preacher, purchased the printing outfit of another 
Scot, Andrew Stuart, who had set up the first printing press in Wil- 
• mington. North Carolina, in 1763. In 1769 (Oct. 13) Boyd issued the 
first number of the Cape Fear Mercury, and continued it till 1776. 
James Johnston, born in Scotland, was the first to establish a printing 
press in Georgia (1762) and in April, 1763, began publication of 
The Georgia Gazette, which was published by him for twenty-seven 
years. His successor (1793) was another Scot, Alexander M'Millan, 
"Printer to the State." Robert Wells (1728-94), born in Scotland, 
was a publisher and bookseller in South Carolina for many years, and 
published the South Carolina and American General Gazette. John 
Wells. Florida's first printer (1784), born in Charleston, served his 
apprenticeship at Donaldson's printing house in Edinburgh. Matthew 
Duncan, son of Major Joseph Duncan, of Scottish ancestry, intro- 
duced printing into Illinois in 1809, and published the first newspaper 
there. Major Nathaniel McLean, brother of John McLean, one of 
the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, was one of 
the first publishers in Minnesota (1849. the same year in which print- 
ing was introduced into the state). The township of McLean, Ramsey 
county, was named in honor of him. There is mention of a printing 
press being set up in Michigan in 1785 by Alexander and William 
Macomb, but nothing further is known of it. The first book printed 
in Montana was in 1864, and in August of the same year John 
Buchanan founded the Montana Post at Virginia City. John Dunlap 
(1747-1812), an Ulster Scot born in Strabane, was Congressional 
Printer and first printed the Declaration of Independence. 

Thomas Ritchie (1778-1854), bom of Scottish parentage. He 
wielded a powerful influence for good in both the national and state 
politics of Vii^inia, and his funeral was attended by nearly all the 
distinguished men of the times, including the President. Ritchie 
County, West Virginia, was named in his honor. Francis Preston 



no SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

Blair (1791-1876), political writer, negotiator of peace conference 
at Hampton Roads in 1864, and editor of the Washington Globe, 
was a descendant of Commissary Blair of Virginia. James Gordon 
Bennett (1795-1872), bom near Keith, Banffshire, pioneer of modem 
American journalism and founder of the New York Herald, a 
newspaper which has long wielded a great influence on political affairs. 
Horace Greeley (1811-72), founder of the New York Tribune^ 
unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in 1872, anti-slavery leader, 
and author of "The American Conflict" (1864-66), was of Ulster Scot 
descent. Of the same origin was Joseph Medill (1823-99), proprietor 
of tlie Qiicago Tribune (1874); and Robert Bonner (1824-99), 
founder of the New Y'ork Ledger (1851), was born in Londonderry 
of Ulster Scot origin. James Thompson Callender (d. 1806), a 
political exile from Scotland, a controversial writer of great power, 
a severe critic of the administration of John Adams, founded the 
Richmond Recorder, predecessor of the Richmond Enquirer. John 
Swinton (1829-1901), bom in Haddingtonshire, was editorial writer 
for the New York Times (1860-70), and Sim (1875-83. 1893-97). 
He took an active interest in social and industrial questions and was 
Progressive Labor Party's candidate for State Senator in 1887. James 
Redpath (1833-91), journalist and author, born in Berwick-on-Tweed, 
was prominently identified with the abolition movement, was organizer 
of the school system of South Carolina, founder of the Boston Lyceum 
Bureau, war correspondent for Northern newspapers during the Civil 
War, and author of several histories and biographical works. William 
Andrew Ure (b. 1839), of Scottish parentage, by his energy made 
the Newark, New Jersey, Sunday Call, one of the leading newspapers 
in the state. Whitelaw Reid is noted under Ambassadors. St. Clair 
McKelway (b. 1845), who became Regent and Vice-Chancellor of the 
University of the State of New York, was of Scots parentage. An- 
drew McLean, born in Renton, Dumbartonshire, in 1848, is editor- 
in-chief of tlie Brooklyn Citizen, which under his guidance has become 
an influential paper. Washington McLean and his son, John R. Mc- 
Lean, established one of the greatest newspapers in the Middle West, 
the Cincinnati Enquirer. David Alexander Munro (1848-1910), a 
native of Maryburgh, Ross-shire, educated at Edinburgh University, 
editor for many years of the North American Rez-icu>. John Foord, 
born in Perthshire, came to the U. S. in 1869; became editorial writer 
on the Neiif York Times and later editor-in-chief; after 1883, editor 
and publisher of the Brooklyn Union; editor of Harper's Weekly; 
leader writer on Journal of Commerce, and editor of Asia. Other 
journalists who may be mentioned are William Cauldwell (b. 1824) 
of New York, of Scottish parentage on both sides ; George Dawson 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 111 

(1813-83) of Albany, born in Falkirk, Scotland; William Wiston 
Seaton (1785-1866) of Washington, D. C, a Regent of the Smith- 
sonian Institution; and George Horace Lorimer (b. 1867), journalist 
and author of "Letters from a Self-made Merchant to His Son" 
(1902), etc. John J. McElhone (1832-90), famous as a stenographer 
and chief Official Reporter of the House of Representatives, was of 
Scotish ancestry. 

Thomas Dobson, publisher of the first American edition of the 
Encyclopaedia Britannica (1791), was a Scot who gave a great im- 
pulse to printing in the United States. Robert Carter (1807-89), 
publisher and founder of the house of Robert Carter and Brothers, 
so long and honorably known in New York city, was born in Earlston, 
Berwickshire. Henry Ivison (1808-84), born in Glasgow, became a 
prominent publisher in New York. His son, David Brinkerhoff 
Ivison, born in 1835, was also a prominent publisher and founder of 
the American Book Company. John Wilson (1802-68), born in Glas- 
gow, was founder of the famous printing firm of John Wilson and 
Son of Cambridge, Massachusetts, now Harvard University Press. 
George Munro (1825-96), publisher of the Seaside Library, Fireside 
Companion, etc., was of Scottish descent. In the course of his life 
he gave away half a million dollars for educational purposes. What- 
ever may be thought of his appropriating the works of British authors 
without compensation it cannot be denied that he did a great deal to 
raise the literary taste among the poorer classes in this country. 
George William Childs (1829-94), publisher and proprietor of the 
Philadelphia Public Ledger, was of Scottish descent. Robert Clarke 
(1829-99). founded of the great Cincinnati publishing house of Robert 
Clarke and Co., was born in the town of Annan in Dumfriesshire. 
Norman Leslie ]\Iunro ( 1842-94), publisher of the Family Story Paper 
and founder of IMunro's Publishing House, was born in Nova Scotia 
of Scottish ancestry. 

John Baine, born in St. Andrews, in partnership with his grandson, 
established the first type-foundry in Philadelphia in 1787. Their firm 
cast the types for a portion of the American edition of the Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica, reprinted in Philadelphia in 1791. Archibald Binny, 
(1763-1838). born in Portobello, near Edinburgh, and James Ronald- 
son (d. 1841), also born in Scotland, succeeded to and carried on the 
business established by Baine. In 1797 they cast the first $ sign used 
in this country. The quality and art of their product was in no wise 
inferior to the European and the sale of foreign made t^-pes ceased 
shortly after they established their business. Their foundry kept pace 
with the growth of the country and in the seventies of last century 
became the best and most extensive letter-foundry in the world. Archi- 



112 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

bald Binny loaned the United States Government the sum of 50,000 
dollars for use in the war of 1812-14. Ronaldson was first president 
of the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia (1824-41), an institution in 
which he took a great interest, and in 1831 presented to Philadelphia 
the beautiful cemetery bearing his name. He was described as "an 
upright, frugal and honest man, and a lover of his adopted country."' 
George Bruce (1781-1866), born in Edinburgh, along with his brother 
David introduced the art of stereotj-ping, the secret of which David 
secured in Edinburgh. In 1816 they purchased a foundry for tj-pe 
making and stereotyping, and George Bruce in his seventy-eighth year 
of age produced type which has rarely been excelled for beauty of de- 
sign and neatness of finish. "He did much toward facilitating American 
printing and towards making it a fine art, inventing, with the assist- 
ance of his nephew, David Bruce, Jr., a successful tjqje-casting 
machine which has come into general use." Thomas Mackellar (1812- 
1899), printer and poet, also one of the leading type founders, was of 
Scottish parentage. William Vincent McKean, born in 1820 of Ulster 
Scot descent, was another distinguished type-founder and editor-in- 
chief of the Philadelphia Public Ledger for many years. Another 
individual who may be included under this head is Adam Ramage who 
was bom in Scotland and died at an advanced age in Philadelphia in 
1850. He was distinguished as a manufacturer of printing presses 
in the beginning of last century, and patented the "Ramage" press in 
1818. 



SOME PROMINENT SCOTS IN NEW YORK CITY 

Many names mentioned in other sections apply equally to New \ ork 
city but for lack of space they are not here again referred to. David 
Jamison, one of the early Colonial lawyers in New York, was born in 
Scotland. In 1707 he defended Francis Makemie, the Presbyterian 
clergyman, when he was arrested for preaching in the city without a 
license, and in 1710 he became Chief Justice of New Jersey. James 
Graham (died c. 1700), Recorder of the city, was also a native of 
Scotland. John Watts (1749-1836), of Scots parentage, was the last 
Royal Recorder of the city. Speaker of the New York Assembly, 
Member of Congress, 1793-96, and founder of the Leake and Watts 
Orphan Asylum. Archibald Gracie, born in Dumfries, emigrated to 
America about 1778. Through his business enterprise he largely 
developed the commercial importance of the port of New York. He 
was also founder of the first Savings Bank in America, founder of the 
Lying-in Hospital of the Cedar Street Presbyterian Church, 
President of the Chamber of Commerce for twenty years, etc. Cad- 
wallader David Colden (1769-1834), grandson of Cadwallader 
Colden. was Mayor of the city from 1818 to 1821, and 
made an enviable record in that office. James Lenox (1800-80), 
merchant, philanthropist, bibliophile, and founder of the Lenox 
Library, now incorporated in the New York Public Library, was one 
of the most useful citizens New York ever possessed. His public 
benefactions were numerous, but only the largest were made public. 
Among these were the Lenox Library, foniierly at Fifth Avenue and 
Seventieth Street; the Presbyterian Hospital, and liberal endowments 
to Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary. Alex- 
ander Turney Stewart (1803-76), merchant and philanthropist, born 
in Ireland of Scots parents, established the great dry goods business 
now owned by John Wanamaker. He was nominated as Secretary of 
the Treasury (1869) but was not confirmed. Hugh Maxwell (1787- 
1873), born in Paisley, was Assistant Junior Advocate General in 
1814, District Attorney for the city from 1819 to 1829, and Collector 
of the Port (1849-52)'. Robert L. Stuart (1806-82) and his brother 
Alexander (1810-79), sugar refiners, both gave large sums, estimated 
at over two million dollars, to many charities, and the library, pictures, 

113 



114 SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 

and mineral and shell collections of the former are preserved in a 
separate room of the New York Public Library. Hugh Auchincloss 
(1817-90) and John Auchincloss, his brother, sons of Hugh Auchin- 
closs of Paisley, were prominent merchants in the city. Robert Lenox 
Kennedy {h. 1822), banker and public spirited citizen, grandson of a 
Scot, was President of the Trustees of the New York Public Library, 
an institution largely Scottish in its foundation and endowment. James 
Gibb, born in Scotland in 1829, a successful merchant, was President 
of Brooklyn Park Commission. James Cruikshank (b. 1831), of 
Scottish descent, was noted for his activity in furthering education in 
Brooklyn. Abram Stevens Hewitt (1822-1903), of Scottish parent- 
age, was Member of Congress from New York (1875-79, 1881-86), 
and Mayor of the city (1887-88). John Stewart Kennedy (1830- 
1909), financier and philanthropist, bom at Blantyre, near Glasgow, 
gave one million dollars to the Presbyterian Hospital as his golden 
wedding anniversary gift, five hundred thousand dollars to Columbia 
University, besides innumerable gifts to other institutions. His will 
left over sixty-seven million dollars, nearly half of it for charitable 
purposes. Alexander Ector Orr (1831-1914), President of New 
York Rapid Transit Commission, Vice-President of many financial 
institutions, was of Ulster Scot descent. Thomas Fitchie (1834-1905), 
of Scottish parentage, was an earnest worker for purity in civil life 
in Brooklyn. Charles A. Lamont (1835-1904), son of Neil Lamont 
from Scotland, was one of the original members of the Republican 
Party and of the Union League prominent in cit)' affairs. He was the 
originator of the Ramapo scheme of water supply for the city. Robert 
Maclay (b. 1836), of Scottish parentage, was President of the Knicker- 
bocker Ice Company (1875 i. Commissioner of Education, Rapid 
Transit Commissioner, etc. Dr. Albert Prescott Marble (1836-1906). 
a recognized leader in educational matters. President of the Board of 
Superintendents of the New York Department of Education, was a 
descendant of one of the Scots settlers of Maine. Robert Macy Gallo- 
way (b. 1837), merchant and banker, had a considerable part in de- 
veloping the elevated railroads of the city. Eugene Gilbert Blackford 
(18.S9-1904), merchant and ichthyologist, of Scottish descent, "did 
more to advance the interests of fish culture in this country than any 
other man." He wrote much on the subject and to his eflforts was due 
the creation of the Aquarium at the Battery. Alexander Taylor, bom 
in Leith, Scotland, in 1821. was founder of the fimi of Alexander 
Taylor's Sons. Walter Scott, managing Director of Butler Brothers,' 
born in Canada, of Scottish parentage, is widely known as a liberal 
promoter of education, art. athletics, and patriotism. 



SCOTTISH SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES 

That the Scots in America have not been solely devoted to business 
and the promotion of their own selfish welfare is evidenced by the 
remarkable growth of their numerous Societies based upon the exten- 
sion of fellowship among Scots in the New World and for the col- 
lection and distribution of charitable funds among the poor and needy 
of their countrymen. The oldest of these Societies, the Scots' Char- 
itable Society of Boston, was founded January 6, 1657, with twenty- 
seven members. It was followed by the St. Andrew's Club of 
Charleston, S. C. (the first to bear the name of St. Andrew), 1729; 
the St. Andrew's Society of Philadelphia. December 7, 1749; the St. 
Andrew's Society of Savannah, Ga., 1750; the St. Andrew's Society 
of the Province, afterward of the State of New York, November 19, 
1756; and the St. Andrew's Society of Albany, N. Y., November 10, 
1803 ; until at the present time, there is no city of any size or impor- 
tance in the country that does not have its St. Andrew's Society, or 
Burns or Caledonian Club, which serves to keep alive the memories 
of the home-land, to instil patriotism toward the adopted country, and 
to aid the distressed among their kinsfolk. There are now more than 
one thousand of these Societies in America, including the Order of 
Scottish Clans (organized, 1878) a successful fraternal, patriotic and 
beneficial order, with more than one hundred separate clans, and the 
Daughters of Scotia, a rapidly growing order for women of Scottish 
blood, organized in 1898. 



lis 



CONCLUSION 

"It is the knowledge that Scotsmen have done their share in building 
up the great Republic that makes them proud of its progress and in- 
spires them to add to its glories and advantages in every way. Scots- 
men, as a nationality, are everywhere spoken of as good and loyal 
citizens, while Americans who can trace a family residence of a 
century in the country are proud if they can count among their ances- 
tors some one who hailed from the land of Burns, and it is a knowl- 
edge of all this, in turn, that makes the American Scot of to-day proud 
of his country's record and his citizenship and impels him to be as 
devoted to the new land as it was possible for him to have been to 
the old had he remanied in it. In America, the old traditions, the old 
blue flag with its white cross, the old Doric, are not forgotten, but are 
nourished, and preserved, and honored, and spoken by Scotsmen on 
every side with the kindliest sentiments on the part of those to whom 
they are alien. Americans know and acknowledge that the traditions 
and flag and homely speech have long been conserved to the develop- 
ment of that civil and religious libertj' on which the grtat confedera- 
tion of sovereign republican States has been founded. In the United 
States, Sir Walter Scott has more readers and quite as enthusiastic 
admirers as in Scotland, and if Americans were asked which of the 
world's poets came nearest to their hearts, the answer would undoubt- 
edly be — Robert Burns." 



116 



LIST OF PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES REFERRED 

TO 

Appleton. Cyclopaedia of American Biography. New York, 1887- 
89. 6v. 

Bingham. Early History of Michigan. Lansing, 1888. 

Breed. Presbyterians and the Revolution. Philadelphia, 1876. 

Campbell. The Puritan in Holland, England, and America. New- 
York, 1892. 

Casson. The Sons of Old Scotland in America. New York, 1906. 

Charlton. The Making of Georgia. Savannah, 1905. 

Craighead. Scotch and Irish Seeds in American Soil. Philadel- 
phia, 1879. 

Dinsmore. The Scotch-Irish in America. Chicago, 1906. 

Dyer. Early American Craftsmen. New York, 1915. 

Ford. The Scotch-Irish in America. Princeton, 1915. 

Green. The Scotch-Irish in America. Worcester, 1S95. 

Hanna. The Scotch-Irish. New York, 1902. 2 v. 

Harrison. The Scot in Ulster. Edinburgh, 1888. 

Jones. History of Georgia. Boston, 1883. 

Kelly and Burrage. American Medical Biographies. Baltimore, 
1920. " 

Lewis. Great American Lawyers. Philadelphia, 1907-09. S v. 

Maclean. Historical Account of the Settlements of Scottish High- 
landers in America Prior to the Peace of 1783. Cleveland, 1900. 

National Cyclopadia of American Biography. New York, 1898- 
1906. 16 v. 

Parker. History of Londonderry, New Hampshire. Boston, 1851. 

Register of the Privy Council of Scotland. Edinburgh, v. 8, 9. 

Reid. The Scot in America and the Ulster Scot. London, 1911. 

Roberts. New York-Boston, 1904. 

Ross. The Scot in America. New York, 1896. 

Scotch-Irish in America. Proceeding of Scotch-Irish Congresses. 

Scots Magazine. Edinburgh, 1768-1774. 

Slaughter. History of Bristol Parish. Richmond, 1879. 

Smith. History of the Colony of Nova Csesaria or New Jersey. 
Burlington, 1765. 

Smith. History of New York. Philadelphia, 1792. 

White. Southern Presbyterian Leaders. New York, 1911. 

117 



INDEX 



78. 



Abercromic, James. 21. 
Abcrncihy, Gov. George, 59. 
Adair, Gov. John, 56. 
Adair, John Johnstone, 30. 
Adair, William, 71. 
Adams, James, 108. 
Addison, Alexander, 49. 
Apiew, Dr. David Hayes, 74. 
Ainslie, Hew, 81. 
Aitken, Kobert, 108. 
Aitken, Robert InKersoll, 91. 
Alexander, Archibald. 78. 
Alexander, Dr. Archibald, 106. 
Alexander, Cosmo, 88. 
Alexander, lames, 29. 
Alexander, James Waddell, 78, 106 
Alexander, John, 7U. 
Alexander, John White, 89. 
Alexander, Joseph Addison, 
Alexander, Gov. Nathaniel, 55. 
Alexander, Stephen, 70. 
Alexander. Brig. -Gen. William, 62. 
Alexander, William C, 106. 
Allison, Francis, 76. 
Allen, Adam, 70. — 

Allcrdycc, Samuel, 90. 
Anderson, Dr. AJexandcr, 90. 
Anderson, Charles. 29. 
Anderson, Hugh, 90. 
Anderson, Gov. Hugh Johnston, 53. 
Anderson, Lt.Col. Richard C, 60. 
Arbucklc, John, 102. 
Armour, James. 103. 
Armours of Chicago, 103. 
Armstrong, Urig.Gcn. John. 61. 
Arthur, Pres. Chester Alan, 40. 
Astor, John Jacob, 28. 
Auchincloss, Hugh, Jr., 114. 
Auchincloss, Hugh, Sr., 114. 
Auchincloss, John, 114. 
Auclnmuty, Robert, 87. 
Auchrauty, Rev. Samuel, 84. 

Bain, George, 105. 

Baine, John, HI. 

Baird, George W.. 97. 

Baird. Matthew, 102. 

Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 68. 

Bancroft, George, 4. 

Barbour, Edwin Hinckley, 70. 

Barbour, Geo. Harrison, 103. 

Barbour, Gov. J.imes, 54. 

Barbour, William. 104. 

Barclay, Alexander, 30. 

Barely, David, 16. 

Barclay, David Robert, 87. 

Barclay, Rev. Henry, 84. 

Barclay. Tohn, 16, 84. 87. 

Barclay, ^ohn Charles, 97. 

Barclay, Gov. Robert, 16, 32. 

iiarclay, Cul. Thomas, 99. 

Baron, Alexander, 21. 

Barr. William, 102. 

Bnriram. Gen. George, 28. 

Baxter, George, 19. 

Beall, Col. Ninian. 21. 

Bean, Dr. James, 31. 

Bean, John. 26. 

Bean, Russell. 31. 

Bean, Capt. William, 31. 

Beath. Robert Burns, 106. 

Bcatty, John Wesley, 89. 

Beck, Senator, James Burnie, 46. 



Bell, Alexander Graham, 97. 

Bell, Alex. Melville. 79. 

Bell, Gov. Charles Henry, 53. 

Bell, Gov. Charles James, 53. 

Btll, John, 25. 

Bell, John, 42. 

Bell, Gov. John, 53. 

Bell, Luther V.. 25. 

Bell, Gov. Peter Hansborough, 58. 

Bell, Gov. Samuel, 49. 53. 

Bell, Samuel Dana, 49. 

Bell, Thomas Sloan, 49. 

Bennett, James Gordon, 110. 

Berkeley, Sir William, 34. 

Bethune, Divic, 82. 

Bethune, Mrs. Divie, 86. 

Bethune, Rev. Geo. W., 82. 

Beveridge, Gov. John Louric, 57. 

Bigger, Gov. Samuel, 57. 

Ilinny, Archibald, 111.112. 

Birney, Gen. David Bell, 62. 

Bimey, James Gillespie, 62. 

Black, Gavin, 17. 

Blackburn, Gideon, 19. 

Blackford, Eugene G., 114. 

Blaine, Jajnes Gillespie, 43. 

Blair, Dr. Archibald, 34. 

Blair. Asso. Justice, 48. 

Blair, Gov. Austin, 57. 

Blair, Senator Francis Montgomery, 45. 

Blair, Francis Preston, 110. 

Blair, James, 76. 

Blair, lames, 96. 

Blair, James. 105. 

Blair, Commissary James, 29, 33, 34. 

Blair, Gov. John, 34. 

Blair. Tohn inslee. 105. 106. 

Klair, Montgomery, 44. 

Blair, Samuel, 106. 

Bonner, Robert, 110. 

Bouquet, Col. Henry, 20. 

Bowc, (Bowie), John, 22. 

Bowie, Gov. Robert, 54. 

Bowie, James, 62. 

Bowyer. Col. John, 20. 

Bowycr, Col. William, 20. 

Boyd, Adam, 109. 

Boyd, David French, 79. 

Boyd, Gov. James E,, 58. 

Boyd, John, 79. 

Boyd. Thos. Duckctt, 79. 

Boyd, Rev. William. 14. 

Brady, Gov. John Henry, 59. 

Breathitt, Gov. John, 57. 

Brechin. James, 29. 

Breckinridge, Alexander, 19. 26. 

Breckenridge, Henry, 26. 

Brackenridge, Henry Marie, 81. 

Brackenridge, Hugh H. 81. 

Breckenridge. Tohn, 26. 

Breckcnridge, V.-Pres. John Cabell, 26, 41. 

Breckenridge, Joseph Cabell, 26. 

BreckcnridKe, Kobert, 26. 

Breckenridge, Robert JeflFerson, 26. 

Breckenriiige, Wm. Campbell Preston. 26. 

Brcghin, James, 29. 

Brevard, Dr. Ephraim, 36. 

Itricc. Senator Calvin Stewart, 46. 

Brisbane, Albert, 86. 

Brisbane. Robert, 21. 

Brown, Abel, 54. 

Brown, Alexander, 105. 

Brown, Mayor Andrew, 108. 



118 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 



119 



Brown, Angus, 56. 

Brown, Gov. Gratz, 58. 

Brown, Brothers, 105. 

Brown, David Paul, 81. 

Drown, Gov. Frank, 54. 

Brown, Dr. Gustavus, 72. 

Brown, Dr. Gustavus (III), 7Z. 

Brown, Dr. Gustavus K., 73. 

Brown, Senator James, 45. 

Brown, John, 77. 

Brown, Gov. Neil S., 56. 

Browniee, Katherine M., 83. 

Bruce, Alex. Campbell, 92. 

Bruce, David, 112. 

Bruce, David. Jr.. 112. 

Bruce, George (.1635J, 83. 

Bruce, Dr. Archibald, 69. 

Bruce, Catherine Wolf, 80. 

Bruce, George, 80. 112. 

Bruce, Wallace, 83. 

Bruce, Dr. William, 69. 

Bryce, Thomas, 17. 

Bryson, Rear Admiral Andrew, 65. 

Buchanan. Alexander, 22. 

Buchanan, George, 31, yi. 

Buchanan, Dr. George, 73. 

Buchanan, Pres. James, 40, 47. 

Buchanan, John, 17. 

Buchanan, Judge John, 50. 

Buchanan, Jolin, 109. 

Buchanan. Thomas, 50. 

Buckham, Matthew Henry, 79. 

Buist, Rev. George, 85. 

Buist, Robert. 72. 

Bulloch, Archibald, 27. 

Bulloch, Irvine S- 27. 

Bulloch, James, 27, 40. 

Bulloch. Tames Dunwoody, 27. 

Bulloch, \Villiam B.. 27. 

Burd, Col. James, 30. 

Burden, Henry, 95, 103. 

Burden, James Abercrombie, 103. 

Burnet, David G., 47. 

Burnet, Bishop Gilbert, 32. 

Burnet, Major Ichabod, 47. 

Burnet, Jacob, 47. 

Burnet. Senator Jacob, 45. 

Burnett, John, 22. 

Burnet. Geo. William, 32. 

Burnet, Dr. William. 45. 47. 

Burnet. Dr. Wm. (of N. J.). 47. 

Burnett, Gov. Peter H., 59. 

Burns, Frank. 92. 

Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E.. 53, 62. 

Burt, Charles, 90. 

Calder, Alex Milne, 91. 

Calder, Alex Stirling, 91. 

Caldwell. David. 36. 

Caldwell. Rev. James, 84. 

Caldwell, Major John, 21. 

Caldwell. John E., 84. 

Caldwell. Joseph. 77. 

Caldwell, i^ov. Tod R., 55. 

Calhoun, V.-Pres. John Caldwell, 41, 81. 

Calhoun, Senator John Ewing. 45. 

Calhoun, Patrick, 21. 

Callender. Tames Thompson, 110. 

Callender. Walter, 103. 

Calvin, Samuel, 70. 

Cameron, Alexander, 103. 

Cameron, Duncan, 22. 

Cameron, Families, 103. 

Cameron, Gilbert, 92. 

Cameron, Col. James. 45. 

Cameron, Senator James Donald, 42, 45. 

Cameron, Tohn. 22, 

Cameron, ^ev. John, 54. 

Cameron, Senator Simon, 42, 45. 

Cameron. Gov. William Ewan, 54. 

Campbell, Rev. Alexander, 85. 

Campbell. Senator Alexander, 45. 

Campbell, Andrew, 96. 

Campbell, Rev. Archibald, 74. 

Campbell, Arthur, 20. 



Campbell, Gov. David, 54. 

Campbell, Duncan, 17. 

Campbell, Duncan H., 96. 

Campbell, Geo. Washington, 42. 

Campbell, Hugh. 16. 

Campbell, Hugh, 19. 

Campbell, Hugh, 76. 

Campbell. James, 44, 

Campbell. Gov. James E., 57. 

Campbell, James Hepburn, 51. 

Campbell, John, 108. 

Campbell. John Archibald. 49. 

Campbell. John, Earl of London, 34. 

Campbell, 'Capt. Lauchlin, 22. 

Campbell. Lewis David, 51. 

Campbell, Lord Neil, 22. 

Campbell, Robert. 91. 

Campbell, Sanders. 22. 

Campbell, Gov. Thos. Mitchell, 58. 

Campbell, William, 20. 

Campbell, Lord William, 35. 

Campbell, tiov. Wm. Bowen, 56. 

Campbell, Wm. Harrison, 97. 

Campbell, William Wallace, 49. 

Campbell, Wm. Wallace, 71. 

Cardross, Henry, Lord, 17. 

Carnegie, Andrew, 102. 

Carnochan. Dr. John Murray, 74. 

Carrack, Samuel, 19. 

Carter, Robert, 111. 

Carwood, John, 21. 

Cassatt, Alex. Johnson, 106. 

Cauldwell. William, HO. 

Chalmers, Hugh, 104. 

Chalmers, Dr. Lionel, 7Z. 

Chalmers, Thomas, 104. 

Chambers, John, 27. 

Chambers, Gov. John, 58. 

Chambers, Robert, 27. 

Chambers, Robert Craig, 105. 

Chapman. Tames. 22. 

Chapman. Mary, 62. 

Chapman. Gov. Reuben, 56. 

Charles. William, 91. 

Charlton, Walter Glasco, 19. 

Chase. Salmon P., 15. 

Chassel, David, 78. 

Chichester, Sir Arthur, 13. 

Childs. George William, 111. 

Chisholm, Henry, 96. 

Chisholm. Hugh J., 102. 

Chis'holm, William, 96. 

Christian, William, 20. 

Chrystie. Lt.-Col. James, 61. 

Claflin, Gov. William. 53. 

Claperton, Thomas, 22. 

Clark, George A., 104. 

Qark, Gen. George Rogers, 4, 31. 

Clark. William, 104. 

Clarke. Robert, 111. 

Cleland, Hon. John, 20. 

Coates. J. & J. 104. 

Coburn, Gov. Abner, 53. 

Cochran, Gov. Tohn P.. 54. 

Cochran, Rev. Joseph P., 85. 

Cochrane, Alexander, 103. 

Colbraith, Jeremiah Jones, 41. 

Colden. Lt.-Gov. Cadwallader, 32, 113. 

Colden, Cadwallader D., 113. 

Colt. Samuel. 96, 

Corbit. Daniel, 26. 

Cowan, William, 22. 

Cox, Gov. James M., 57. 

Craig, James, 65. 

Craig, Dr. James, 75. 

Craig, Thomas, 6%. 

Craighead, Rev, Alexander. 36. 

Craighead, Edwin Boone, 80. 

Craighead, Rev. Robert, 77. 

Craighead, Thomas, 36. 

Craighead, Thomas, 77, 

Craik, Dr. James, 73. 

Crane, Robert Bruce, S9. 

Crawford, Gov. Corie Isaac, 59. 

Crawford, David, 42. 



120 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 



Crawford, Francis Marion, 83. 

Crawford, Gov. Geo. Washington, 42, 56. 

Crawford, l>r. John, 73. 

Crawford, Ur. John Uarclay, 75. 

Crawford, NalJil. Macon, 78. 

Crawford, Maj.-Gen. Sam. VVylie, 62. 

Crawford, Thomas, 83. 

Crawford, Thomas, 91. 

Crawford, William, 47. 

Crawford, William Harris, 42, 78. 

Crcc, Thomas Kirby, 86. 

Crockett, David, 31. 

Crooks, Ramsey, 104. 

Crow, James, 103. 

Cruickshank, Edwin .'\., 103. 

Cruickshank, James, 114. 

Cullen, Chares Mason. 49. 

Cummings, Rev. Charles, 20. 

Cummins, Gov. Albert Baird, 58. 

Cummins, William, 22. 

Cunningham, Arthur, 17. 

Currie, Dr. William, 74. 

Curry, Daniel, 78. 



Dall, William. 68. 
Dall, William Healey, 68. 
Dallas, Alexander James, 41, 42. 
Dallas, V'.Pres. George Mifflin, 41. 
Dallas, Dr. Robert C, 42. 
Dallas, Robert Krank, 89. 
Dalzcll, Robert M., 96. 
D'Arnsmont, Mme. Francis, 86. 
Davidson, .Alexander, 96. 
Davidson, .\nstruther, 68. 
Davidson, Charles, 22. 
Davidson, George, 71. 
Davidson, Thomas, 79. 
Davidson, Brig.-Gen. William, 61. 
Dawson, George, 110. 
Dawson, Thomas Cleland, 52. 



Dempster, John, 78. 
Dempster, Rev. John, 85. 



Denny, Geo. Hutchcson, 80. 
Dick, .Alexander L., 91. 
Dick, James T., 89. 
Dick, Robert, 96. 

Dickinson, Pres. John. 30, 33, 39. 
Dickinson, Thomas, 101. 
Dinsmoor, Robert, 81. 
Dinsmoor, Gov. Samuel Sen, 53, 81. 
Dinsmoor, Gov. Samuel Jim, 53. 
Dinsmore, Hugh .Anderson, 52. 
Dinwiddic, Gov. Robert, 31. 33. 
Dobbin, ^mes Cochrane, 43. 
Dobson, Thomas, 111. 
Dodge, Gov. Henry, 57. 
Dougal, W. H., 91. 
— Douglas, Senator Stephen Arnold, 45. 
Douglas, Thomas, 49. 
Dowart, George. 17. 
Dowie, Rev. John Alex., 85. 
Drummond, Tames, Earl of Perth, 16. 

I>rummoiid, John, 16. 

Drunimond, Thomas, 49. 

l_)runimond. Gov. William, 34. 

Drvsdale, Lt.-Gov. Hugh, 33. 

Ihidgeon, Richard, 98. 

Duff. lohn. 22. 

Dun, l<ev. James 106. 

bun. Robert Graham, 106. 

Dunbar, Sir William, 30. 

Duncan, James, 86. 

Duncan. Gov. Joseph, 57. 

I)uncan. Major Joseph, 57. 

Duncan, Matthew. 109. 

Diinlap, Tames, 77. 

Diinlap, John, 109. 

Ilvinlap, Robert, 102. 

Diinlap, Gov. Robert Pinckney, 53. 

IHinlap. William, 88. 

Dunlnp Families. 103. 

Dunlop, Rev. Samuel, 23. 

Dunmore. John Murray, Earl of, 32, 34. 

Dunsmore, John Ward, 90. 



Eccles, Dr. Robert Gibson, 68. 

Eckford, Henry, 101. 

Eddy, Mary M. B. Glover, 85. 

Edison, Thomas Alva, 97. 

Edmundson, VV'illiam, 20. 

Elliot, Lt.-Gov. .Andrew, 32. 

Elliott, Charles, 21. 

Erskine, Henry, Lord Cardross, 17. 

Erskine, Robert, 60. 

Erwin, Benjamin, 19. 

Erwin (E\ven>, Gov. William, 35. 

Erwyn Urvin), James, 22. 

Ewen (Erwin), Gov. William, 35. 

Ewing, Gen. James, 60. 

Ewing, Thomas, 62. 

Ewing, Senator Thomas, 42, 50. 

Ewing, Gen. Thomas, 50, 62. 

Ewing, Gov. Wm. Lee Davidson, 57. 

Ferguson, Dr. Alex. Hugh, 75. 
Ferguson, James, 51. 
Ferguson, James, 70. 
Ferguson, Gov. James Edward, 58. 
Ferguson, Patrick, 22, 
Ferguson, Thomas, 21. 
Ferguson, Thomas Barker, 51. 
Ferguson, Wm. Ezra, 96. 
Fife, John, 93. 
Findlay, Gov. William, 54. 
Finlay Samuel, 80. 
Finley, Tohn Huston, 80. 
Finlcy, kobcrt, 77. 
Finley, Samuel, 77. 
Fitchie, Thomas, 114. 
Fleming, Gov. Francis Philip, 56. 
Fleming John, 108. 
Fleming, Peter, 106. 
Fleming, Gov. William, 34. 
Fleming, Williamina P., 71. 
Foord, John, 110. 
Forbes, Dr. David, 75. 
Forbes, Gen. John, 30. 
Forbes, 
Forbes^ 
Forbes, 
Forbes, 

Forbes, Stephen Alfred, 68. 
Forbes, Dr. Wm. Smith, 75. 
Ford, .Adm. John D., 66. 
Forgan, James Berwick, 105. 
Forney, Gen. Peter, 27. 
Forrest, Edwin, 93, 
Forsyth, .Alexander, 26. 
Forsyth, James Bennett, 97. 
Forsyth, John 26. 
Forsyth, Gov. John, 55. 
Forsyth, Rev. John, 78. 
Forsyth, Robert, 26. 
Foster, Gov. Charles, 43. 
Franklin, Benjamin, 29. 
Fraser, Charles. 88. 
Fraser, John, 79. 
Frazer, John Fries, 69, 78. 
Frazer, Pcrsifor, 69. 
Frazer, Lt.-Col. Persifor, 69. 
Frew, Walter E., 105. 
^Fulton, Robert, 25, 95. 

Galloway, Beverly Thomas, 70. 
Galloway, John, 70. 
Galloway, Joseph, 37. 
Galloway, Robert Macy, 1 14. 
Gait, Dr. .Alexander D,, 75. 
Gait, Tohn, 17. 
Gait Dr. John Minson, 75. 
Garden, Alexander, 22. 
Garden, Dr. Alexander, 70. 
Garden, Rev. Alex., 84. 
^ Garden, Mary, 94. 
Gardiner, Peter, 22. 
Gear. Gov, John Henry, 58., 
Geary, Gov. John While, 54. 
Geddes, Tames, 80. 
Geddes, James, 99. 
Geddes, Brig.-Gen. Janes Lorraine, 62. 



)es. Gen. John, 30. 
>es, John, 80. 
;es, John, Jr., 80. 
)es, John Si., 51. 
jes, Philip Jones, 80. 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 



121 



Geddes, Gov. John, 55. 

Gibb, James, 114. 

Gibboney, David C, 87. 

Gibson, Geo. Rutledge, 106. 

Gibson, J. & G. H., 93. 

Gibson, John, 17. 

Gibson, John Bannister, 50. 

Gi.bson, Paris. 31. 

Gibson, Randall, 46. 

Gibson, Senator Randall Lee, 46. 

Gilchrist Gov. Ale.x. Walker, 56. 

Gilchrist, Nimrod, 56. 

Gilchrist, Wm. Wallace, 93. 

GilfiUan, James. 49. 

Gillespie, Rev. George, 84. 

Gilmer, Dr. George, 54, 55. 

Gilmer, Gov. Geo. Rockingham, 55. 

Gilmer, Gov. Thomas Walker, 54. 

Gilmor, Robert, Sr., 101. 

Gilmor, Robert, Jr., 101. 

Gilmore, Mrs., 19. 

Gilmour, Neil, 79. 

Gilmour, Bishop Richard, 86. 

Glassel, Andrew, 105. 

Glen, Gov. James, 35. 

Glenn, Gustavus R., 79. 

Glenn, Nicholas, 79. 

Goddard, William, 108. 

Gordon, Gov. John Brown, 46, 56, 6^. 

Gordon, John George, 62. 

Gordon, Gov. Patrick, 33. 

Gordon, Robert, 16. 

Gordon, Thomas, 29. 

Gordon, Thomas, 76. 

Gordon, Rev. Thomas. 84. 

Gordon, Thomas F., 81. 

Gordon, Hon. Thomas Knox, 20, 21. 

Gordon, Walter Scott, 31. 

Gordon, William, 76. 

Gordon, Wm. Fitzhugh, 47. 

Gorrie. Rev. Peter Douglas, 85 

Gouinlock, Dr. Wm. Chalk, 102. 

Gracie, Archibald, 113. 

Graeme, David, 20. 

Graeme, Hon. James, 20. 

Graeme, Judge James, 20. 

Graham, David. 109. 

Graham. George, 51. 

Graham, Isabella, 77, 86. 

Graham, Recorder James, 29, 113. 

Graham, John, 51. 

Graham, Gen. Joseph, 55. 

Graham, William, 19. 

Graham, William, 77. 

Graham. Gov. Wm. Alexander, 43, 55. 

Grant, Daniel, 22. 

Grant, Gov. James Benton, 59. 

Grant, John, 22. 

Grant. John T.. 106. 

Grant, Matthew, 40. 

Grant, Pres. U. S.. 40. 

Grant, William. 22. 

Gray, Asa, 15, 70. 

Gray, David, 83. 

Gray, George, 49. 

Gray, John, 22. 

Greeley. Horace. 15, 110. 

Gregg, David McMiirtr.e, 63. 

Gregory, Judge William, 21. 

Gregory, Gov. William, 54. 

Grier. Robert Cooper, 48. 

Grieve. Millei. 51. ^' 

Grimes. Gov. James WilsSn, 58. 

Grindfey, James 21 

GufFev, Tames McClurg, 102. 

GuiTev, Wesley S.. 102. 

Guthrie, Tames, 42. 

Guthrie, John. 67. 

Guthrie, Dr. Samuel, 67. 

Hadlev. Prof. James, 78. 
Haig. George, 21. 
Haig. Thomas, 93. 
ITall, David, 108. 
Hall, James, 36. 



Hall, William, 108. 

Hallidie, Andrew L.. 97. 

Hamilton, Gen. Alexander, 2S. 

Hamilton, Andrew, 29. 

Hamilton, Andrew, 43. 

Hamilton. Gov. Andrew. 32, 33. 

Hamilton, Gen. Charles S., 62. 

Hamilton, Gov. Tames. 29, 33 

Hamilton, Gov. John, Si, JJ> »". 

Hamilton, John L., 93. 

Hamilton, Morris, R., i^O. 

Hanna, Senator Marcus Alonzo, 46. 

Harkness, William, 71. 

Harper, Gov. Joseph Morrdl, 53. 

Harper, William. 50. 

Harrison, Pres. Benjamin, 40. 

Harrison, Caroline Scott, 40. 

Hart, Tames McDougall, 89. 

Hart, William 89 

Harvey, Geo. B. McC, 52. 

Harvey, Stuart, 52. 

Harvie, Andrew, 78. 

Harvie, John, 30. 

Hay, Sir .\lexander, 13. 

Hay, John. 43. 

Hayes, George, 40. 

Hayes, Pres. Ruthertord B., 40. 

Henderson, David. 93. 

Henderson, David Bremner, 4/. 

Henderson, J., 93. 

Henderson. John. 104. 

Henderson, Peter, 71. 

Henderson, Thomas, 104. ji =7 

Hendricks, Gov. Thomas Andrews. 41, 57, 

Flendry, James, 22. 

Henry, Joseph, 67. 

nlnry! ktrick. 5, 28, 34, 36. 

Henry, Theodore Crosby, 99. 

Henry, Gen. War,. Wirt. 60 

Hepburn, Alonzo Barton, lOi. 

Hepburn, Dr. Neil Jamieson, 75. 

Hepburn, Patrick, 105. 

Hewitt, Abram S., 114. 

Hinschelwood, Robert, 90. 

Hogg, Gov. James Stephen, 58. 

Hogg, William James. IC-.. 

Hooper, William (Signer), 30. 

Hope, James, 88. 

Hosack, Dr. David, 67. 

Houston, Gov. George Smith, 50. 

Houston, John. 58 

Houston, Gov. John, 33. 

Houston, John Wallace 49. 

Houston, Sir Patrick, 30, 35, 4/. 

Houston, Samuel, 19, 56^ =8. 

Houston. William, 30, 4/. 

Hume, Robert. 21. 

Humphreys, Alex. Crombie. 68. 

Hunter, ."^nne Nancy, 5/. 

Hunter, Gov. Robert, 32, 33. 

Hunter, Whiteside Godfrey, 52. 

Hunter, William, 51. 

Butchins, Elizabeth, 40. 

Hutchins, Thomas, 99. 

Hyslop, George. 80. 

Hyslop. James Hervey, 79. 

- "Ik Marvel." 82. 
Imlan, Gilbert, 81. 
Inglis, Mungo. 76. 
Inglis William, 17. 
Ingraham, Edward U., 8/. 
Innes, Harry, 50. 
Innes. Tames. 76. 
Innes. Col. Tames, 31. 
Inness, George, 89. 
Irving, Washington, 81. 
Irwin, Theodore, 102. 
Ivison, David B., 111. 
Ivison, Henry, HI. 

Jackson, Pres. Andrew, 40. 
Jackson, Gen. Thomas, Jr., 5o. 
Taflrav, Jean, 67. __ 
Jameson, Dr. David, /4. 



122 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 



\ 



iaroeson. Dr. Horatio G.. 74. 
amison, David, 113. 
.ly Cliief Iiisticc 'ohn, 4. 
Jefferson, Thomas, 30. 

Iohn, Sir Augustus, 21. 
ohnson, Gov. James, 56. 
ohnson, Sir William, 23. 
ohnson, Gen. Albert Sydney, 28. 
ohnston. Bartlctt, 27. 
lohnsion. Prof. Christopher, 28. 
Johnston, Dr. Christopher. 28. 
Inhnston, Gov. Gabriel, IS, 27, 34, 76. 
Johnston, Gilbert. 27. 
Johnston, James, 27. 
lohnston, Col. James, 27. 
Johnston, Capt. James, 27. 
Johnston, James, 109. 
Bislioi 



Johnston, Bisliop James S., 
Johnston, John, 27. 
John 



86. 



ohnston, John, 28. 
.ohnston, Tohn HumphrcySj^ 39. 
Johnston, Lt.-Col. Joseph £ccIcston, 28. 
Johnston, Gov. Joseph Forney, 27, 56. 
Johnston, Mary, S3. 
Johnston, Peter, 28. 
(ohnston, Peter, 83. 
Johnston, Robert, 28. 
Johnston, Brig.-Gen. Robert, 27. 

! ohnston, Gov. Samuel, 27, 34. 
ohnston. Col. William, 27. 
ohnston. Dr. William, 27. 
ohnston. Gov. William Freamc, 54. 
ohnslone, Gov. George, 35. 
lohnstone, John, 16. 
)ones, Admiral John Paul, 65. 

Kasson. Tohn Adam, 51. 

Kay, William. 83. 

Kctth, Benjamin Franklin, 94. 

Keith, Rev. George, 29. 

Keith, William. 89. 

Keith, Sir William. 33. 

KcU, Capt. John Mcintosh. 65. 

Kellogg. Edward Henry, 102. 

Kemp, Bishop James, 85. 

Kemp, John, 77. 

Kennedy, Hon. Archibald, 29. 

Kennedy, David, 22. 

Kennedy. James. 83. 

Kennedy, John S.. 114. 

Kennedy, Robert Lenox, 114. 

Kcr, Walter. 16. 

Kerr, Edward, 102. 

Kerr, Senator John Leeds, 45. 

Kerr, Washington C, 69. 

Killcn. William. 48. 

Kincannon, Andrew A., 80. 

Kincannon, James, 80. 

King, James, 22. 

Kins, John Crookshanks, 91. 

Kinloch. Hon. James, 20. 

Kinloch, Dr. Robert A., 75. 

Kinzie. John, 31. 

Kirk. James Smith. 102. 

Kirk. Gov. Richard, 53. 

Kirkpatrick, Chief Justice Andrew, 48. 

Kirkpatrick. Ju<lKe Andrew, 48. 

Kirkwood, Daniel, 78. 

Kirkwood. James Pueh, 99. 

Kirkwood, Mayor Robert, 58, 61. 

Kirkwood, Robert. 78. 

Kirkwood. Gov. Samuel Jordan. 43, 58. 

Knox, Gen. Henry, 15, 60. 

Laidlawj William Grant, 47. 
T^ird, Samuel. 31. 
Lamont, Cbarles A.. 114. 
I-amont, Daniel Scott, 42. 
Lamont, Neil. 114. 
Lamont, Thomas W.. 105. 
Ijudcr, George, 102. 
Laurie, James. 99. 
I^Twric. Gawen fGavin), 16. 
"Lawric Todd," 71. 
Lawson, Alexander, 90. 



Lawson, Helen E., 9L 

I^wson. James, 82j 

Lawson, John, 81. 

lawson. Oscar A., 90, 

Lee, Col. Henry, 28. 

Lee. James P., 97. 

Leiper, Thomas, 28. 

I^renox, James, 113. 

I^isley, J. Peter, 69. 

Lewis, Andrew. 20. 

Lewis, Ellis, 48. 

Lewis, (ien. Morgan, 25. 

Lindsay, Donald, 101. 

Lindsay, E. J., 103. 

Lindsay, James Edwin, 101. 

Lindsay, John, 22. 

[-.indsay. Gov. Robert Bums, 56. 

Linen, James Alex., 106. 

Living. Dr. John, 73. 

Littlejohn, Bishop Abram N., 85. 

Littlejohn. Hugh, 85. 

Livingston. Adam. 47. 

I^ivingston, Edward. 25. 

Liivngston, Col. James, 61. 

Livingston. Rev. Jolm. 36. 

Livingston. Leonidas Felix. 47. 

Livingston, Peter Van Brugh, 25. 

Livingston, Philip, 2nd Lord, 25. 

Livingston, Philip (The Signer), 25, 39. 

Livingston, Robert, 25, 33. 39. 

Livingston, Robert R., 25. 

Livingston, Dr. Robert R., 75. 

Livingston, Gov. William, 25, 33, 

Lockhart. Oiarles, 102. 

Logan, David, 19. 

Logan, Senator George. 45. 

Logan, Judge James, 33. 

Logan, Gov. Tames, 45. 

Logan, Gen. John A., 63. 

Logan, Patrick, 33. 

Logan, Thomas, 87. 

Logan, William. 21. 

Longslreet, Augustus B.. 81. 

Longstreet, AuRustus B., 95. 

Ij^ngstrect, William. 95. 

Lorimcr, George Horace, 111. 

London, John ICarl of, 34. 

Lovejoy, Francis T. F., 103. 

Lowrie, Senator Walter, 45. 

Lyall, James, 97. 

Macalister, Charles, 78. 
Macalister, Tames. 79. 
McAllister. Addams S.. 98. 
McAllister. Archibald. 63. 
McAllister. Hu^h (of 1732). 98. 
McAllister. Major Hugh, 31. 
Mc.Mlister. James Gray. 80. 
McMlister, Matthew Hall. 49. 
McAllister. Maj.-Gcn. Robert, 63. 
McAllisters of Philadetpbia. 68. 
McMpin. David Hunter. 103. 
McArthur, John Arthur. 63. 
McArthur. Lt.-Gen. Arthur, 63. 
McArthur, Lt.-Gov. Arthur, 82. 
Mc.Xrthur, Chas. Lafayette. 63. 
Mcj'Vrthur, Douglas, 63. 
McArthur, Gov. Duncan, 57. 
McArthur. John. 92. 
McArthur, ftlaj-Gen. John, 6Z. 
McArthur, Rev. Robert S., 85. 
MacBean, Thomas, 92. 
A.acBean, William. 22. 
McBride. John McJ-aren, 79. 
Macbride. Thos. Huston, 70. 
McBurnev, Dr. Charles, 75. 
McCatl. Gen. Geo. Archibald, 63. 
McCall. Hugh. 81. 
McCoIl, John AuBustinc. 106. 
McCallum. Maj.-Gen. Daniel C, 63. 
McCann, \\*illiam Penn. 65. 
McCaulev. Alexander. 21. 
McCaw. Dr. James, 74. 
McCaw. Dr. James Brown, 74. 
McClanaban, Alexander, 20. 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 



123 



McCIellan, Dr. George, 74. 
McClellan, George (the anatomist), 74. 
McClelian, Gen. George B., 15, 26. 
McClellan, Geo. B.. 21. 
McClellan, James, 26. 
McClellan, Prof. John Hill B., 74. 
McClelland, Gov. Robert, 57. 
McClement, John Hall, 106. 
McClintock, /ames, 17. 
McClintock, Rev. John, 85. 
McClintock, Rev. Samuel, 85. 
McCook, Major Daniel, 63. 
McCook, Gov. Edward Moody, 58. 
McCook, Dr. John, 63. 
MacCorkle, Capt. John, 55. 
MacCorkle. Gov. Wm. Alexander, 55. 
McCormack. Cyrus Hall, 95. 
McCormack, James, 95. 
McCosh, Rev. James, 78. 
McCrea, James, 106. 
McCue, John, 
McCulloch. Hugh, 15. 
McCulIoch, Hugh. 42. 
McCurdy, Charles, Johnston, 51. 
McCutcheon, George Barr, 83. 
McCutchcon, John, S3. 
Macdonald, Adam, 21. 
Macdonald, Alexander, 91. 
Macdonald, Alexander, 103. 
McDonald, Senator Alexander, 46. 
McDonald, Angus, 99. 
McDonald, Gov. Chas. James, 55. 
Macdonald, Duncan Black, 80. 
McDonald. Flora. 17. 
McDonald, Hunter, 99. 
McDonald James, 59. 
MacdonaM, Dr. James, 75. 
McDonald, Gov. Jesse Fuller, 59. 
McDonald. John, 46. 
Macdonald, John Louis, 47. 
Macdonald, Senator Joseph Ewing, 45. 
McDonald, Marshall, 68. 
McDonnell, John, 30. 
Macdonough, Thomas. 26. 
McDougal, Maj-Gen. Clinton D., 63. 
Macdougal, David Trembly, 70. 
McDougall, Maj.-Gen. Alex, 60. 
McDougall, Gov. John, 59. 
MacDowell, Edward Alex., 93. 
McDowell, Ephraim, 19. 
McDowell, Dr. Ephraim. 73. 
McDowell, Maj.-Gen. Irvin, 63. 
McDowell, John, 19. 
McDowell, Col. Samuel, 20, 31. 
McDuffie, Gov. George, 55. 
McElhone. Tohn J., 111. 
McElwain, William Howe, 103. 
McEnery, Gov. John, 57. 
McEnery, Gov. Samuel Douglas, 57. 
MacEwen, Walter, 89. 
Macfarlane, Robert, 82. 
Macfarlane. Will. C., 93. 
McGaw, Alexander, 92. 
McGee, William John, 69. 
McGilvary, William, 22. 
McGilvra, John Jay, 87. 
MacGregor, Rev. James, 12, 14. 
McUvaine. Bishop Chas. P., 85. 
McHvaine, Senator Joseph, 46. 
Mcllvaine, Joshua Hal!, 79. 
Maclnnes, Duncan. 106. 
Mcintosh, Alexander, 21. 
Mcintosh, Col. John, 19. 
Mcintosh. John "Mor,'* 109. 
Mcintosh, Gen. Lachlan, 19, 61. 
Mcintosh, Maria J.. 82. 
Mclntire. Samuel, 93. 
Maclntyre, Finloe (Finlay), 22. 
Maclntyre, John, 22. 
Mclntvre. Rev. Robert, 85. 
Mackay, Ensign Charles, 19. 
Mackay, Donald, 101. 
Mackay, Geo. Devereux, 107. 
McKay, Gordon. 96. 
Mackay, Capt. Hugh, 18, 19. 



Mackay, John (of 1760), 107. 

Mackaye, James M. Steele, 83. 

Mackaye, Percy Wallace, 83. 

McKean, Joseph, 78. 

McKean, Thomas (.Signer), i%, 54. 

McKean, Rev. Thomas, 36. 

McKean, William, 2>%, 

McKean, William Vincent, 112. 

McKeand, John, 65. 

McKeen, Juseph, 11. 

McKeever, Commodore Isaac, 65. 

MacKellar, Thomas, 112. 

McKelway, St. Clair, 110. 

Mackenzie, Alexander, 63. 

Mackenzie, Donald, 104. 

Mackenzie, James Cameron, 19, 

McKenzie, John, 31. 

Macl<enzie, John, SO. 

Mackenzie, Rev. Robert. 85. 

Mackenzie, Robert Shelton, 82. 

Mackenzie, Robert Tait, 91. 

Mackenzie, William, 102. 

Mackenzie, Rev. Wm. 91. 

Mackenzie, Wm. Douglas, 80. 

McKesson, John, 101. 

Mackie, John Milton, 82, 

McKie. Patrick, 21. 

McKim, James Miller, 86. 

McKinley, David, 40. 

McKinley, Pres. William, 40. 

McKinley, Gov. JoJm, IZ. 

McLane, Col. Allan, 60. 

McLane, Allen, 42. 51. 

McLane, Gov. John, 53. 

McLane, Louis. 42. 

McLane, Gov. Robert Milligan, 42, 51, 54. 

McLaren, Bishop Wm. Edward, 85. 

McLaughlin, Andrew C, 80. 

McLaurin, Gov. Anselm Joseph, 57. 

Maclaurin. Richard C, 80. 

Maclay, Robert, 114. 

McLean, Andrew, 110. 

Maclean, George Edwin, 19. 

McLean, Gov. George Payne, 54. 

McLean, Dr. James Henry, 75. 

McLean, Dr. John, Sr., 67. 

McLean, Dr. John, Jr., 67. 

McLean, John, 43, 49. 

McLean, John 79. 

McLean, John, %(>. 

McLean, John, 109. 

McLean, Tohn R., 110. 

McLean, Major Nathaniel, 109. 

McLean, Washington, 110. 

McLean. William, 100. 

McLeod, Rev. Alexander, 82, 85. 

McLeod, Angus A., 107. 

Macleod, Donald, 82. 

Macleod, Xavier Donald, 82. 

Maclien (McLean), Allen, 22. 

Maclure, William, 68. 

McMillan, Alexander, 109. 

McMillan, Senator Samuel Hugh, 46. 

McMillan, John ("The Upright"), 46. 

MacmiUan, Sen. Sam. Jas. Renwick, 46, 

Macmillan. William, 71. 

McMillin, Gov. Benton, 56. 

McMinn, Gov. Joseph, 56. 

MacMonnies, Fred William, 91. 

McMurtry, (jeorge Gibson, 101. 

McNair, Gov. Alexander, 58. 

McNair, Fred. V., 66. 

McNair. Samuel, 66. 

McNaught, William, 25. 

McNaughton, Dr. James. 74. 

MacNeil, Herman .^tkins, 91. 

McNeil, Brig. -Gen. John, 63. 

McNeill, Neill, 17. 

McNeill, Wm. Gibbs, 99. 

McNess. John, 21. 

MacNutt, Capt. John. 55. 

McPheeters, William, 19. 

Macpl"^erson, Angus Neilson, 101. 

MacpI.erson, Isaac, 21. 

Macpherson, Gen. James B., 63. 



124 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 



Macphcrson, Major John, 60. 
Muci)herson, Capt. John, 108. 
McPhcrson, lohn H. T., 83. 
McPhcrson, Kober!, S3. 
Macpherson, Gen. William, 61. 
Mac<iuecn, Dougall. 22. 
McRae, Gov. John I., 57. 
Macrae, Brig.-Gen. V\ illiam, 64. 
McRucr, Dr. Daniel, 7A. 
McVcagh, Franklin, 43. 
McVcagh, Wayne, 51. 



86. 



MacVicar, John, 8( 
McVicar, Malcolm, 79. 
McWhortcr, Rev. Alex., 84. 
McWillie, Gov. William, 57. 

Machen, Matthew, 17. 

Macomb, Alexander, 109. 

Macomb. William, 109. 

Magill Families, 103. 

Magoniglc. llaruld Van B., 92. 

Magoniglc, John. 92. 

Magoon, Isaac, 31. 

Magruder, Commander George, 63. 

Magrudcr, Gen. John B., 63. 

Makemie. Rev. Frances, 22, 84, 113. 

Malcolm, William. 97. 

Mantcll, Robert Bruce, 93. 

Marble, Dr. Albert P., 114. 

Marion, Gen., 27. 

Marshall, John, 17. 

Marshall, Chief Justice John, 48. 

Marshall. Thomas 17. 

Marshall, William, 103. 

Martin, Alexander, 79. 

^lartin. Gov. Alexander, 34. 

Martin, Gov. John .Mexandcr, 58. 

Martin, Gov. Aoah, 53. 

Mason, Rev. lohn. 77, 84. 

Mason, Rev. John Mitchell, 77. 

Mather, Rev. Cotton, 15. 

Mathews. Col. Samsnii. 20. 

Maxwell. Dr. Geo. Troup, 75. 

Maxwell, Hugh. 87. 113. 

Maxwell, Hugh, 95. 

Maxwell, Lawrence, 87. 

Maywood, Robert C.. 93. 

Medill, Joseph, 110. 

Mein. John, 108. 

Melish or MeUish, John, 81. 

Melvil. William. 22. 

Melville, Rear .\dmiral George W., 66. 

Mercer, Gen. Hugh, 54, 60. 74. 

Mercer, Jesse, 77. 

Mercer, John, 87. 

Mercer, tJov. John Francis, 54. 

Michie, Hon. James, 20. 

Michic. Peter Smith, 68. 

Middlcton, Dr. Peter. 74. 

Millar, Addison Thomas, 89. 

Miller, Gov. Stephen Decatur, SS. 

Milligan, John J., 48. 

Mitchel, Gen. Ormsby McKnight. 70. 

Mitchell, Dr. Alexander, 74. 

Mitchell, Alexander, 105. 

Mitchell. Gov. David Brodic, 55. 

Mitchell, Donald Grant, 82. 

Mitchell, Henry. 93. 

Mitchell, Dr. John K., 74. 

Mitchell. Senator John Lendrum, 46, 

Mitchell. Maria. 70. 

Mitchell. Dr. Silas Weir, 74. 

Mitchell, William. 70. 

Moffat. James C, 82. 

Mouet, Col. George, 20. 

Monroe, Andrew, 40. 

Monroe. Prcs. Tames, 40. 

Montgomerie. Gov. JoJin. 32. 

Montgomery, Ftimund Duncan, 68. 

Montgomery, John, 19. 

Montgomerq. (Tapt. John B., 65. 

Montgomery. Gen. l^ichard, 25, 60. 

Slontgomeo'. Thos. Harrison, 68. 

Moonlight, Gov. Thomas. 59. 

Moore, Daniel McFarlan, 97. 



Morris, Gov. Robert Hunter, 33, 49. 
Morrison, Bishop James Dow, 85. 
Morrison, John, 83. 
Morrison, Rev. John, 85. 
Morrison, Leonard A., 12, 83. 
Morrow, Gov. Jeremiah, 57. 
Morse, Samuel F. B., 77. 
Morton Alexander, 96. 
Morton, Paul, 43. 
Morton, Richard, 43. 
Morton. Dr. William T. G., 75. 
Moultrie, Dr. lohn, 55, 61. 
.Moultrie. Gen. William, 21, 55, 61. 



Muir, John, 69. 
Muir, Job 



ohn Allan, 107. 
Munro, David A., 110. 
Munro, George. 111. 
Munro, Norman Leslie, 111. 
Munroe, Daniel, 93. 
Munroc, Gov. John, 62. 
Munroe, Nathaniel, 93. 
Murdoch, lames Edward, 93. 
Murdoch. William, 22.36. 
Murdock, James, 81. 
Murray, Capt. .\lexander, 65. 
Murray, Gov. Eli Houston, 59. 
Murray, George. 90. 
Murray. John. 21. 

Murray, John. Earl of Dunmore, 32, 34. 
Murray, Patrick, 22. 

Nairnc, Thomas, 21. 
Ncill, Richard Uenshaw, 52. 
Neilson, Wm. Allan, 80. 
Nelson, Samuel, 49. 
Nicholson, Family, 65 
Nisbet, Eugenius Arislidcs, 48. 
Noble, Gov. Noah. 57. 
Noble, Gov. Patrick, 55. 
Notman, John, 92. 

Ochiltree. Lord, 13. 

Oliphant. David. 21. 

Ulivcr, James. 9t. 

Orr, Alexander Ector, 114. 

Orr. HuRh. 95. 

Orr, Nathaniel. 90. 

Orr. Robert, 95. 

Orr. William. 95. 

Orrach (Orrock?) Alexander, 22. 

Oswald. Col. FJeazar, 108. 

Owen, David Dale, 69. 

Owen, Richard. 69. 

Owen. Robert Dale, 86. 

(Page), Robert. 19. 

Parsons, Wm. Barclay. 99. 

Paterson. Maj.-Gcn. John. 62. 

Patcrson. Matthew. 31. 

Paterson. Gov. William, 33, 49. 

Patillo. Rev. Henry. 30. 

Paton, John, 1?. 

Patterson. Carlile Pollock, 68. 

Patterson, Tames Kennedy, 79. 

Patterson, Robert, 77. 

Patterson. Robert M.. 77. 

Pattison, Dr. Granville Sharp, 74. 

Patton, Gov. John Mercer, 54. 

Patton. Robert, 54. 

Patton. Gov. Robert Miller, 56. 

Peckover. James, 97. 

Perth, James Drumtnond, Earl of, 16. 

Pettigrcw, Bishop Charles, 85. 

Pharr, Gov. John Newton, 58. 

Pharr, Walter, 58. 

Phillips. Wm. Addison. 64. 

Phyfe. Diincan. 93. 

Pickens, Gen. .Andrew, 55, 61. 

Pickens, Gov. Andrew, 55. 

Pickens, Gov. Israel. 56. 

Pinkerton, Allan, 28. 

Pitcaim. Robert. 102. 107. 

Poage. Robert. 19. 

Polk. Gov. Charles, 54. 

Polk. P^cs. James Knox. 40. 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 



125 



Polk, Robert, 40. 
Polk, Gov. Trusten, 58. 
Pollock, Gov. James, 54. 
Pollock, Robert, 40. 
Pvcston, Col. William, 20. 
Pringle, Robert, 21. 
Purdie. Ale.x., 109. 

Ralston, Wm. Chapman, 102. 

Ramage, Adam, 112. 

Ramsay, David, 81. 

Ramsay, Rear Adm'l Francis M., 66. 

Ramsay, Patrick, 66. 

Ramsey, Gov. Alexander, 58. 

Rankine, William Birch, 87. 

Rantoul, Robert, 86, 87. 

Rattray. Hon. John, 20, 21. 

Read (of Delaware), 36. 

Read, .\dm'l George Campbell, 65. 

Redpath, James, 110. 

Reed, Gov. Joseph, H. 

Reed, Joseph, 37. 

Reed, William Bradford, 51. 

Reid, James Douglas, 102. 

Reid, Whitelaw, 4, 12, 51, 110. 

Renwick, Edward Sabine, 67. 

Renwick, Henry Brevoort, 67, 99, 

Renwick, Prof. James, 67, 99. 

Renwick, James (architect). 67, 92. 

Reyburn, John Edgar, 47. 

Rhind. Rear Adm'l Alex. Colden, 65. 

Rhind, David. 77. 

Rliind, Joint Massey, 91. 

Richardson, Henry H., 92. 

Riddle, lohn Wallace, 52. 

Ridpath, John Clark, 83. 

Ritchie, Alexander Hay, 88. 

Ritchie, Thomas, 109. 

Roberts, John, 91. 

Robertson, George, 48. 

Robertson, James, 31. 

Robertson, Gov. James, 32. 

Robertson, John, 22. 

Robertson, Adj. -Gen. John, 64. 

Roberston, Wra. Joseph, 49. 

Robinson, Gov. James Fisher, 57. 

Rodgers, Capt. John, 65. 

Rogers, Henry Darwin, 69. 

Rogers, William Barton, 69, 

Rollins, James Sidney, 78. 

Ronald, Gen. Andrew, 30. 

Ronald, William, 30. 

Ronaldson, Tames, 111, 112. 

Roosevelt, Pres. Theodore, 17, 27, 40. 

Ross, Betsy. 38. 

Ross, Elizabeth (Griscom), 38. 

Ross, George (Signer), 21, 38. 

Ross, John, 30. 

Ross, .John D., S3. 

Ross. Thomas. 22. 

■;Rowan, Gov. Matthew. 34. 

Russell. Gov. David Lindsay, 55. 

Rutherfurd. Lewis Morris, 71. 

Rutledge, Andrew, 20. 

Rutledge, Gov. Edward, 35, 36, 38, 55. 

Rutledge. Judge John, 4. 48. 

Rutledge, Gov. John, 35. 26, 

Rutledge, Dr. John, 38. 

Rutledge, Thomas, 21. 

Kutherford, Gen., 27. 

I^utherford, Gov. John, 54. 

iRutherford, Sir John, 45. 

iRutherford, Senator John, 45. 

St. Clair. Arthur, 61. 

Sanderaan, Rev. Robert, 84. 

Saunders, William, 71. 

Saxby, Hon. George. 20. 

Scott, Alfred B., 102. 

Scott. Archibald, 19. 

Scott, George, 16. 

Scott, James, 102. 

Scott, John Morin, 47. 

Scott, Gov. Robert Kingston, 55. 

Scott, Thomas A., 106. 



Scott, Walter, 114. 

Scott, Rev. VValter, 85. 

Scott, Wm. Berryman, 70. 

Scott, William Henry, 79. 

Scott. Lt.-Gen. Wint^eld, 62. 

Scoular, William, 82. 

Seaton, William Wiston, 111. 

Seton, Elizabeth Ann B., 86. 

Seton-Thompson. Ernest E., 83. 

Seton, ArcJibishop Robert, 86. 

Shaw, Robert, 91. 

Shields, Gov. Tames, 59. 

Shirlaw, Walter, 89. 

Sigourney, Lydia (Huntley), 81. 

Simpson, Jaimes. 21. 

Simpson, William, 21. 

Sinclair, Angus, 100. 

Sinclair John, 21. 

Sinclair, John, 22. 

Sulkier, James, 21. 

Skene, Hon. Alexander. 20, 29. 

Skene, Dr. Alex J. Chalmers, 75. 

Skirving, James, Sen., 21. 

Skirving. James, Jun, 21. 

Skirving, William, 21. 

Sloan, Samuel. 106. 

Sloan, Wm. Milligan, 79. 

Sloane, Willaim, 79. 

Sloane, William, 103. 

Smibert, John, 88. 

Smiley, Albert Keith, 86. 

Smillie, George Henry, 89. 

Smillie, James, 90, 91. 

Smillie, James. David, 89. 

Smillie, William Main, 91. 

Smith, George, 17. 

Smith, GeorEe. 105. 

Smith, Hezekiah Wright. 90. 

Smith, Gov. Jeremiah, 53. 

Smith, Judge Jeremiah. 53. 

Smith, Gov. John Butler, 53. 

Smith, Russell, 88. 

Smith, Thos. Lachlan, 89. 

Smith, William, 17. 

Smith, William, 77. 

Smith, Gov. William E., 57. 

Smith, William R., 71. 

Smith, Xanthus. 88. 

Spalding, Alexander, 22. 

Spence, Dr. John, 73. 

Spotswood, Lt.-Gov. Alexander, 33. 

Stark, Gen. John, 15, 61. 

Stephen. Dr. Adam, 73. 

Stephens, Gov. Alex. Hamilton, 56. 

Stephens, Henry Morse, 83. 

Stevenson, Adlai E., 41, 44. ■, 

Stevenson, Charles. 21. 

Stevenson, Dr. John, 31. 

Stevenson. John James, 70. 

Stevenson, Gov. Wm. Erskine, 54. 

Steward. David. 22. 

Stewart, Alexander Tumey, 113. 

Stewart, Gen. Daniel. 62. 

Stewart, .Tames Fleming, 47. 

Stewart, John Aikman, 105. 

Stewart, Gov. John Wolcott, 53. 

Stewart. Rachel. 40. 

"Stirling." Wm. Alexander, "Lord," 62. 

Stobo, Rev. Archibald, 17, 27. 

Stobo, Tean, 27. 

Stobo, Major Richard, 29. 

Stoddart. James H., 94. 

Stoddert. Benjamin. 43. 

"Stonewall" Tackson, 63. 

Stoot, Hugh Gordon, 99. 

Stuart. Alexander, 113. 

Stuart, .Alex. Hugh Holmes, 43. 

Stuart, Andrew. 109. 

Stuart, .Archibald. 43. 54. 

Stuart, Senator, Charles E., 45. 

Stuart, I>aniel. 45. 

Stuart, Dr. Ferdinand C, 74. 

Stuart. Gilbert Charles. 88. 

Stuart. Gov. Henry Carter, 54. 

Stuart, Hon. John. 20. 



126 



SCOTLAND'S MARK ON AMERICA 



Stuart, Robert, 2. 
Stuart, Robert, 104. 
Siuart, Robert L., 113. 
Swinton, John, 110. 
Swinton. William, 82. 
Syrac, John, 17. 
Syngc, Archbishop, 14. 

Tait. John Robinson. 89. 
Taylor, Alexaudtr. IH. 
Taylor, George, 38. 
Taylor, Dr. James Ridley, 75. 
Taylor, Tohn, 75. 
Taylor, Rev. Nathaniel, 22. 
Taylor, Thomas. 96. 
Telfair, Gov. Edward. 35. 
Tcnnant, Uev. \\ iliam. 21, 36. 
Tcnnant, Families. 103. 
Thompson, Gov. David P., 59. 
Thompson, Frank, 1U6. 
Thompson, Bishop Hugh Miller, 
Thompson, Tohn Edsjar, 106. 
Thomjxson, Robert M., 103. 
Thomson, T. Kcnnard, 99. 
T'horburn, Grant, 71. 
Thornton, Slatthew, 15, 36. 38. 
Tiighman, Chief Justice, 37. 
Todd, Thomas, 4S. 
Torrance. David, 50. 
Traill, Rev. William, 22. 84. 
Trimble, Gov. Allen. 57. 
Troup. Gov, Geo. Mcintosh, 55. 
TumbuU, Dr. Chas. Smith, 75. 
Turnbull. Fred'k, 93. 
Turnbull, Rev. Robert, 82. 
Turnbull, Wm. Paierson, 68. 
Tweedale, William, 99. 

Umphraville, Angus, 82. 
Urc. William Agncw, 110. 
Urie, Robert. 17. 
Urquhart, Edmond, 102. 

Vallance, John, 90. 
Vcrplanck, Gulian C, 37. 

Waddell, Rev. fames, 19. 84. 
Waddeli. Moses, 7S. 
Waldo. Gen. Samuel, 15. 
Walker, George. 31. 
Walker, Lt.-Gov. James A.. 64. 



86. 



Walker, John. 64. 
Walker. William. 29. 
Wallace. Charles William. 83. 
Wallace, Gov. David, 57. 
Wallace, John Findley. 100. 
-Wallace. Gen. Lew, 82. 
Wall.icc, William Ross. 82. 
Warden. William Grey, 101. 
Watson, Dr. John. 74. 
Watson Dr. William. 67. 
Waits, John, 113. 
Weir, John Ferguson, 90. 
Weir. Robert Walter, 88. 
Wells. Tohn, 109. 
Wells. l<obcrt. 109, 
Wellstood, John Geikic. 90. 
Wcllstood. William. 91. 
White, yVlexander, 31. 
Wilkcson. Samuel, 31. 
Williamson, Dr. Husrh, 67. 
Williamson, John, 89. 
Willocks, George, 16. 
Wilson, .Uexander, 67, 90. 
Wilson II«nry. 22. 
Wilson. V.-Pres. Henry, 41. 
Wilson, Rev. James. 36. 
Wil?on, Tames (Signer), 38, 48. 
Wilson, James, 40. 

James. 43. 

James, 91. 

James Grant, 82. 

John, HI. 

John Cochrane, 80. 

Peter, 77. 

William, 82. 
Wilson, William Bauchop. 43. 
Wilson, Pres. Woodrow, 40. 
Windrira. James Hamilton, 92. 
Winton, Alexander, 98. 
Witherspoon, John. 4, 36, 27, 39. 
Wood, Mary, 28. 
Woodrow, Janet, 40. 
Woodrow. Rev. Thomas, 40. 
Wright, Fanny, 86. 
Wylie. Samuel Brown. 78. 

Young, David, 99. 
Young. John, 17. 
Yule, George, 102. 

Zenger, John Peter. 29. 




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